ER 




Qass. 
Book. 



// 6 



iQh 



Issued January 25, 1913. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
FOREST SERVICE. 

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. 



INSTRUCTIONS 

FOR 

THE SCALING AND MEASUREMENT 
OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 




WASHINGTON. 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1915 



e>^ 






0. OF 

FEB 12 1915 



\? 



t CONTENTS. 

Page. 

1. The scaling and measurement of Xatiunal Forest timber. ., 7 

Regulation on scaling.. 7 

Use of customary commercial units 7 

2. Scaling logs 8 

Policy 8 

Scale of timber in the log 8 

Use of mill checks 9 

Defects in the log which reduce the scale 9 

Mill overrun 10 

Assurances to purchasers 11 

Definition of merchantable logs 12 

Designation of places for scaling 12 

Frequency of scahng 13 

Requirements of purchasers 13 

The log rule 13 

Log lengths 14 

Allowances for trimming 15 

Measuring, numbering, and stamping logs 15 

Measuring log lengths 15 

Measuring diameters 15 

Numbering logs 15 

Scale book letters 16 

End check on logs 16 

Stamping logs 17 

Check on total number of logs 17 

Deductions for defects. . 17 

Interior defects 18 

General rule 18 

('enter or circular rot 19 

Ground or stump rot 20 

(circular shake or pitch rings 20 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

2. Scaling logs — Continued. 

Deductions for defects — Continued. 

Interior defects — Continued. Page. 

Pin dote or peck 21 

Check or pitch seam 21 

Cat face 21 

Dote appearing in knots 22 

Worm holes 22 

Side defects 22 

Unsound sap 22 

Checks 22 

Other side defects .' 23 

Minimum length and width of lumber 23 

Curve or s\reep 23 

Crotches 23 

Determining the merchantability of logs 24 

ScaUng green and dead timber 24 

Penalty scale 24 

Settlement of complaints 25 

Check scaling 25 

Mill scale studies 26 

3. ScaUng from the stump 27 

Use of stump scales 27 

In timber trespass 27 

In sales by estimate 28 

4. Cubic measurements , 28 

Policy 28 

Merchantable timber 28 

Requirements of purchasers 28 

Check measurements 28 

Cord measure 29 

Policy 29 

Cord measurements 29 

Stamping and numbering 30 

Cubic foot measure. 30 

Policy 30 

Measurements 30 

Deductions for defect 31 



CONTENTS. 5 

Page. 

5. Linear measurements 31 

Policy 31 

Merchantable timber 31 

Requirements of purchasers 32 

Measurement 32 

Board-foot equivalents 33 

Stamping and numbering 33 

Check measurements 33 

Combined linear and diameter measurement 33 

6. Counting 34 

Policy 34 

Merchantable timber 34 

Requirements of purchasers 34 

Stamping and numbering 34 

Check measurements 34 

7. Weighing 35 

8. Records and reports 35 

Scale books 35 

Penalty scale records 36 

Check of scale books 37 

Cutting reports 37 

Penalty scale reports. 38 

Check and record of cutting reports 38 

Scale records for purchasers 38 

Report of timber sold and cut 38 

District forester's monthly report 39 

Annual report 39 

Report on miscellaneous products 39 

9. Appendix 40 

Table 1. — Scribner Decimal C log rule 40 

Table 2. — Cull for rectangular defects 46 

Table 3. — Cull for squared defects 56 

Table 4. — Solid cubic contents of logs 58 

Table 5. — Board foot contents of standard sizes of timber. 61 

Table 6. — Standard converting factors 64 

Table 7. — Converting factors — Chestnut telephone poles . 65 



6 CONTENTS. 

9. Appendix — Contiuued. Page. 

Table 8. — Areas of circles 66 

Table 9. — Taper for scaling in maximum lengths of 16 

feet 67 

Table 10. — Taper for scaling in maximum lengths of 32 

feet 68 

Sample page 1, Form 231, saw timber 70 

Sample page 2, Form 231-Dl, saw timber 72 

Sample page 3, Form 631, saw timber 74 

Sample page 4, Form 631, saw timber, summary sheet. . 76 

Sample page 5, Form 231, cubic feet and cords 78 

Sample page 6, Form 648, cord mensm'ement 80 

Sample page 7, Form 651, shingle bolts 82 

Sample page 8, Form 231, telephone poles 84 

Sample page 9, Form 231-Dl, linear feet 86 

Sample page 10, Form 648, mining timbers, ties, and posts. 88 
Douglas fir log grading rules — 

(1) Of the Puget Sound Log Scaling and Grading 

Bureau 90 

(2) Of the Columbia River Log Scaling and Grading 

Bureau 90 

Western yellow pine log grading rules 91 



HE SCALING AND MEASUREMENT OF 
NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



The following instructions govern the scaling and measurement of 
National Forest timber. They supplement the National Forest Man- 
ual and will be followed in the administration of timber sales, tim- 
ber settlements, timber trespass, free use, and administrative use. 
Uniform standards and methods are necessary in all National Forest 
work involving the measurement of timber. It is therefore essential 
that these instructions be carried out strictly by all Forest officers. 

Unless timber is sold on an estimate in the tree, it must be scaled, 
counted, or measured before it is removed from the cutting area or 
from the place designated for scaling. 

Regulation on Scaling. 

The regulation of the Secretary of Agriculture on scaling National 
Forest timber is as follows: 

REG. S-18. No timber cut under any contract shall be removed 
from the place designated until it has been scaled, measured, or 
counted and stamped by a Forest officer, unless such removal is 
specifically authorized in the agreement. 

No person except a Forest officer shall stamp any timber belong- 
ing to the United States upon a National Forest with the regula- 
tion marking ax or any instrument having a similar design. 

The Scribner Decimal C log rule, as used by the Forest Service, 
is the official rule for scaling National Forest timber. 

Use of Customary Commercial Units. 

National Forest timber will ordinarily be appraised, sold, and 
measured by the customary commercial units. As the standard 
practice, saw timber will be scaled by the thousand board feet log 
scale, railroad ties by the piece of stated maximum and minimum 
size, mining timbers by the piece or linear foot, telephone poles by 
the piece of stated length and diameter class, piling by the linear 
foot, and fuel, shingle bolts, and pulpwood by the cord or its equiva- 

7 



8 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

lent in solid cubic feet. Other units may be used for these products, 
however, when better adapted to local trade customs. 

SCALING LOGS. 

POLICY. 

Scale of Timber in the Log. 

The material purchased in National Forest sales is timber in the 
log, not manufactui-ed lumber. In its measurement it is necessary 
to determine the merchantability of the log as a commercial product 
in itself. Timber will therefore be scaled as far as practicable in 
accordance with the defects or indications of defect in the log. It 
will not be scaled in relation to the lumber grades to be manufactured 
from it or on the basis that only material calculated to produce cer- 
tain grades of lumber is merchantable. 

"Straight and sound" is an expression common in pai'ts of the 
United States which indicates a scale based upon the log rather than 
upon lumber grades. It means the straight and sound material in 
the log after deductions have been made for visible defects which 
render parts of the log crooked or unsound. Since this term has been 
identified with various local standards of utilization, however, it 
will not be used in defining the basis of scaling adopted by the Forest 
Service. 

Scaling on the log rather than on lumber grades is the standard 
practice of the Service for the following reasons: 

(1) The unit of measure is regarded as more stable, with less 
fluctuation from year to year, than where lumber grades are followed. 
Greater certainty is thus assured purchasers as to wh at material they 
will be required to pay for throughout the life of their contracts. 

(2) The basis of scaling is less subject to indi\ddual judgment. 
It is more readily learned by scalers and more uniformly applied, 
and hence is more practicable as a common standard for a large num- 
ber of scalers in timber of varying size and quality. 

(3) Mill tallies are not required for effective application of the 
scale or to settle complaints by purchasers. The obligation to check 
the scale by mill studies, which is implied in scaling to certain lum- 
ber grades, is avoided. The accuracy of the scale is directly and 
inexpensively determined by a check on the logs themselves. 



SCALING LOGS. 9 

Use of Mill Checks. 

At the same time, knowledge of the various lumber grades and 
of how timber "cuts out" is of great assistance to scalers. The best 
way to train the judgment in making deductions for particular kinds 
of defect is to see how defective logs open up in the mill and the 
actual loss as compared with sound logs of the same size. Frequent 
mill checks are therefore desirable, not to correct the previous scale, 
but to train the scaler's judgment in making allowance for various 
classes of defect. 

In training and instructing scalers, check scaling, settling com- 
plaints, discussing proposed sales, and other matters of scaling 
practice, however, scaling to include certfin grades of lumber and 
exclude other grades will be avoided as far as practicable. 

Defects in the Log which Reduce the Scale. 

Deductions will not be made for defects outside of the cylinder 
represented by the top end and total length of the log or for defects 
in the portion of the log which will be slabbed off. Otherwise 
deductions will be made in Forest Service scaling for all visible 
defects which will actually reduce the yield of lumber from the log. 
This includes crooks and any defective or waste material whose 
presence is plainly indicated on the surface of the log by conks, 
rotten knots, pitch seams, etc. There must, however, be an un- 
mistakable surface indication of the defect. The scale should never 
be reduced simply because the timber is known to be more or less 
defective, or because hidden defect frequently appears in sawing. 

The total scale of the log will be reduced in each instance by the 
estimated loss in lumber from the defects present in the cylinder as 
compared with a sound cylinder of the same dimensions. Reduc- 
tions will not be made for defects in the swell of the log outside of 
the cylinder. Scalers should reduce the scale for all other defects 
regardless of overrun. The total overrun for all sources including 
taper, based upon the standard Service method of scaling, is ob- 
tained from mill studies and taken into account in fixing the price 
of the timber. Overrun should not affect the scale in any manner 
or influence the scaler in making reductions. Allowance must 
therefore be made for every defect which will cut down the yield 



10 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

of lumber as compared with a sound cylinder of the same length 
and diameter. Defects outside of the cylinder or which will be 
slabbed off should be disregarded. 

In applying the foregoing, the shortest length considered in 
determining the amount of lumber lost on recount of a defect will 
be the minimum log length of the species stated in the contract. 
The minimum width will be 4 inches. 

Deductions will not be made for "sound" defects, such as sound 
knots, however large, and firm red rot, sound blue stain, or other dis- 
coloration, which affect the grades of lumber but do not reduce the 
total cut from the log. Deductions will be made only for crooks, 
curve, or sweep, and for unsound material such as rot, broken-down 
sap, shake, checks, worm holes, and pitch rings. 

Mill Overrun. 

In making mill checks or more extensive "mill studies," it is of 
course desirable to compare the total cut of all merchantable grades 
of lumber with the log scale under the standard Service method; 
thus determining the overrun. 

Mill overrun is made up of: 

(1) Any saving in saw kerf under one-fourth inch, the kerf upon 
which the scale rule is based. 

(2) The saving in kerf from cutting dimension stock, timbers, and 
other materipl over an inch thick, 

(3) Trade practice in cutting lumber of scant thickness. 

(4) Utilization of narrow widths in slabbing, not included in the 
diagrams upon which the Scribiier scale is based. 

(5) Utilization of short lengths from the swell of logs, not included 
in the Scribner diagrams. 

(6) Utilization of lumber grades which admit considerable 
unsound material, rot, broken-down sap, etc., which should be 
eliminated in the scale. 

The first fiA^e soiu-ces of overrun are obtained from all classes of 
logs, sound as well as defective. The normal overrun from these 
sources under the Scribner log scale ranges from 4 to 20 per cent, 
depending upon the size and taper of the timber. This overrun 
should be secured under Service scaling in sound timber. In de- 
fective timber it should be obtained in the grades of lumber admitting 



SCALING LOGS. 11 

sound defects — such as sound knots, firm red rot, etc. — for which 
no deductions are made in the scale . 

Since the scale deducts for all unsound defects visible in the log, 
except those outside of a cylinder represented by the top end 
and length and those which will be slabbed off in milling, 
lumber grades containing considerable amounts of such defect, if 
such lumber is manufactured, should under accm-ate scaling be 
largely overrun. Good scaling under the Service standard should 
thus yield an overrun equivalent to the greater part of the cut of 
grades which contain considerable quantities of unsound defect in 
addition to the normal overrun on sound logs. 

The methods of manufacture of particular purchasers will not be 
taken into account by scalers. No attempt should be made to adjust 
the scale to losses due to poor equipment or inefficient methods, or 
to catch up gains from exceptionally close utilization. It is the 
scaler's function to determine the amount of sound material in the 
log as uniformly as possible, whatever the overrun may be. 

Assurances to Purchasers. 

No assurances regarding the Forest Service scale should be made 
to purchasers, except that — 

(1) The Service will give them a scale of the sound material in 
the log under the Scribner Decimal C rule. The Service practice 
of reading diameters to the nearest, instead of the next lower, inch 
should be made clear, together with the requirements governing 
maximum scaling length, trimming allowance, and penalty for 
overrunning the trimming allowance, 

(2) The Service will make systematic checks on the local scale 
by more experienced scalers of special competency. 

(3) The Service will make special check scales by the best men 
in its organization in case of serious complaint. 

Where mill-scale studies have been made, prospective purchasers 
may be fm'nished with the results of the Service scale in given 
classes of timber as to species, size, soundness, etc., and under 
specified manufacturing methods. The furnishing of such informa- 
tion should, however, convey no direct or implied guaranty what- 
soever on the overrun in a proposed scale . 



12 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

Assurances to purchasers should be restricted absolutely to those 
given above. Never should any assurances or promises be made on 
amount of overrun. 
Definition of Merchantable Logs. 

Every timber-sale agreement should define exactly the material 
to be classed as merchantable under its terms. Exceptions to this 
rule may be made only in rangers' sales where satisfactory stand- 
ards of utilization have been established. In sales of sawlogs this 
definition will consist of: 

(1) The minimum length of merchantable logs. 

(2) The minimum diameter at small end. 

(3) A minimum percentage of the gross scale of the log remaining 
after deductions for visible indications of defect. (See merchant- 
ability clause, Form 202, Timber Sale Agreement.) 

As rapidly as practicable, standard percentages under No. 3 will 
1)0 established for each species in each region. These will ordinarily 
be applied uniformly in sawlog sales. They should be not more 
than 33J per cent of the gross scale of logs of the more valuable com- 
mercial species, and not more than 50 per cent of the gross scale of 
logs of inferior species. 

As rapidly as the necessary data are obtained from mill studies or 
other thorough investigations, the standard definition of merchant- 
able logs may include a specific statement of the treatment in Service 
scaling of common defects or alleged defects in the timber of the 
region. This makes the work of different scalers more uniform and 
the Service standard more stable. It is particularly desirable to 
indicate that no deductions will be made for defects, like firm red 
rot and firm blue stain in Idaho white pine, which mill studies have 
shown convincingly do not affect the cut of sound grades of lumber. 
Designation of Places for Scaling. 

Unless specified in the contract, the places where timber is to be 
scaled will be designated by the ofiicer in charge of the sale. Such 
places should be adapted, as far as reasonable economy in scaling 
will permit, to the practical requirements and methods of operation, 
so as to impose as little additional cost upon the operator as possible. 
Scaling will not be done, however, in places or under conditions 
dangerous to life or limb. 



SCALING LOGS. 13 

Frequency of Scaling. 

In small sales the frequency of scaling must be adapted to the rea- 
sonable requirements of the purchaser. It is desirable to scale only 
at intervals within which considerable quantities of timber are 
logged and assembled, such as 15,000 or 20,000 feet. Any such 
[ueasures to promote economy must, however, be enforced only an 
far as it is practicable for the purchaser to comply with them . 

In larger sales the most economical plan of scaling should be con- 
sidered in advance and provided for in the agreement. (See Stand- 
ard Clauses 29, BO, 31, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) Clause 
31 should be generally used in sales where operations will be con- 
ducted simultaneously over a considerable area. 

Requirements of Purchasers. 

To permit scaling at reasonable cost, purchasers may be requhed 
to assemble and hold logs for scaling. This should be covered by a 
specific clause in the contract. On the other hand, methods of scal- 
ing should, so far as practicable, be adapted to the operating methods 
of the purchaser. The decking or skidding of logs solely for scaling 
is usually unnecessary and should be required only in classes of 
operations where it is essential for efficient or economical scaling. 
(See Standard Clauses 29, 30, and 32, p. 27-S of the National Forest 
Manual.) 

If cutting is to be done on Government and private lands simul- 
taneously, the purchaser should be required to keep the logs sepa- 
rate up to the point of scaling. (See Standard Clause 33, National 
Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) 

The Forest officer in charge should require piles or skidways to be 
constructed so as to permit economical scaling. 

Where necessary and practicable, the purchaser will be required 
to mark top ends of logs to avoid question and to expedite scaling. 

The Log Rule. 

All saw timber will be scaled by the Scribner Decimal C log rule. 
This rule drops the units and gives the contents of a log to the near- 
est 10 board feet. One cipher added to the sum of the numbers read 
from the scale stick gives the total scale of the log, except in the case 



14 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

of 6-inch logs 6, 7, 8, and 9 feet long and 7-incli logs 6 feet long. 
The reading for these is 0.5, which multiplied by 10 gives 5 feet as 
the actual scale. 

Scale sticks for logs of even lengths are furnished in 30, 36, 48, 60, 
72, and 96 inch lengths. Scale sticks showing odd lengths will be 
furnished whenever the demand is sufficient to warrant their use. 

In the absence of a scale stick, or where the position of logs in the 
pile makes its use difficult, their diameters and lengths may be tal- 
lied and the scale figured from a table later, fair allowance being 
made for defect. 

Table 1 on pages 40 to 45 of the Appendix gives the contents of 
logs of both odd and even lengths of 6 to 32 feet and of diameters of 
6 to 120 inches. One cipher must be added as with the scale stick. 

Log Lengths. 

On all National Forests except those in Alaska and west of the 
summit of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, logs 
over 16 feet in length will be scaled as two or more logs, as far as 
practicable, in lengths of not less than 12 feet. The diameters of 
other than the top length should be increased in accordance with 
the taper of the stick. For example, a 42-foot log 16 inches in diam- 
eter would be scaled as: 

One 12-foot log with a diameter of 16 inches. 
One 14-foot log with a diameter of 17 inches. 
One 16-foot log with a diameter of 19 incites. 

Taper Tables 9 and lO on pages 67 and 68 of the Appendix are to 
be used simply as a guide, the allowances for taper being varied to 
conform to the actual taper. 

On the National Forests in Alaska and west of the summit of the 
Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon, logs up to and in- 
cluding 32 feet in length will be scaled as one log; lengths from 34 to 
64 feet, inclusive, will be scaled as two logs as nearly equal in length 
as possible in even feet. Greater lengths than 64 feet will be scaled 
as three logs, making the divisions as nearly equal as possible in even 
feet, and increasing the diameters according to the taper of the log. 

When logs are scaled as two or more logs the scale allowed for the 
separate lengths will be added and the total recorded as one log. 

The use of logs of odd lengths by purchasers should be encouraged. 



SCALING LOGS. * l^ 

I 
Allowances for Trimming. 

The scaling length clause of Form 202 specifies a definite allow- 
ance for trimming. This allowance should be adapted to different 
logging conditions and to large and small timber. Three inches 
overrun will ordinarily be sufficient for small timber where the 
danger of brooming is slight; while six inches may be reasonable in 
sales of large timber or where the danger of brooming in driving or 
<huting is great. 

MEASURING, NUMBERING, AND STAMPING LOGS. 

Measuring Log Lengths. 

The length of all logs about which there is any question in the 
mind of the scaler will be measured. In addition, the length of 
logs in the general run will be measured frequently enough to make 
sure that the specified trimming allowance is not exceeded. Any 
logs overrunning the trimming allowance will be scaled to the next 
foot in length, as outlined under "Penalty scale," page 24. 

Frequent measuring is of special importance in small sales where 
a scaler is not always present, since sawyers are more apt to be lax 
than when the lengths are checked daily by a Forest officer. 

Measuring Diameters. 

All diameters will be measured inside the bark at the top end of 
the log. If logs are not round, scalers will average the greatest 
diameter with that at right angles to it. Four diameters may be 
measured where necessary to obtain a fair average. The necessary 
reduction in diameter will be made for swellings at the scaling end 
of logs from which no lumber can be cut. 

Diameters will be rounded off to the nearest inch above or below 
the actual diameter. Logs which have a diameter exactly half 
way between inches will be thrown to the next lower inch. 

Numbering Logs. 

Every log, whether merchantable or cull, must be numbered with 
crayon as soon as it is scaled. Numbering is necessary even where 
the logs will be sawed immediately or rolled into water. The scale 
oi the log will be entered opposite its number in the scale book, or 
the letter c in the case of cull logs. 



16 THE SCALliSTG OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

This feature of Sendee scaling is essential and must be followed, 
in spite of its apparent uselessness under some conditions, for the 
following reasons: 

(1) It is a check on the total number of pieces scaled. 

(2) It fixes the responsibility of the scaler for his scale by indi- 
vidual logs. It is thus a safeguard against lax scaling. 

It permits an exact check on the scale at any time. This is 
desirable, even where logs are manufactured immediately to enable 
the supervisor, check scaler, or inspector to make an absolute check 
whenever the sale is visited, if only on half a dozen logs. 

(4) It affords an equally definite basis for the settlement of com- 
plaints; and is thus a protection to purchasers. « 

The numbering of cull as well as merchantable logs is desirable 
both to check the total number of pieces scaled and to fix the respon- 
sibility of the scaler. The latter is as essential in the matter of cull- 
ing logs as in making an accurate scale of merchantable logs. 

Scale Book Letters. 

In sales which require the use of more than one scale book, the 
books should be lettered serially with the letters of the alphabet, 
in the order in which they are used. 

In large sales serial numbers need not be continued throughout 
the contract, since numbering is intended only for the identifica- 
tion of individual logs. It is usually sufficient to number logs con- 
secutively to the end of each scale book, beginning the next book 
with No. 1. The series should not be changed so frequently, how- 
ever, as to make the identification of logs uncertain. There should 
as a rule be an unbroken series of scale book letters and log numbers 
covering the cut of each logging season. 

End Check on Logs. 

As a general rule, every sawlog should be check marked on the 
end which is not numbered. "Where a series of scale books is to be 
used, the initial of the book in which the log is recorded makes the 
best end check. This practice aids the check scaler in locating the 
original scale entry, insures getting all the logs in a deck or skid way, 
and automatically requires the scaler or scalers to see both ends of 
each log. 



SCALING LOGS. 17 

Stamping Logs. 

Every merchantable log scaled will be stamped "U. S." on at least 
one end. Logs so defective as to be unmerchantable under the terms 
of the contract will be stamped and a circle drawn around the stamp 
thus, (uTs); or a bpecial cull stamp or distinctive mark used. 

It is essential that cull logs be plainly distinguished from mer- 
chantable logs by a mark which will identify the culling as done by 
a Forest officer. This can ordinarily be accomplished by the U. S. 
stamp in a circle or a circle with the initials of the scaler. It is also 
desirable to make the distinguishing mark as permanent as possible. 
This is necessary to show the disposition made of the log in the event 
of another officer taking charge of the sale, of checking the area 
over for penalty scale, or of subsequent inspections of the cutting. 
For this reason a stamp in some form is the most satisfactory cull 
mark. 

It is essential to distinguish sharply between logs which are mer- 
chantable under the rule as to per cent of sound contents specified 
in the contract and call logs. No logs should be stamped as mer- 
chantable which do not scale the per cent of their gross contents 
required by the sale agreement. Any log not meeting this qualifi- 
cation should be culled. The merchantable contents of cull logs 
will never be scaled and charged against the purchaser, whether 
they are utilized or not. Purchasers may remove any cull material 
without charge at their option. 

The foregoing does not apply to sound logs underrunning the mini- 
mum lengths and diameter stated in the contract. Such logs, which 
the purchaser desires to utilize, will be scaled and stamped as mer- 
chantable. (See Standard Clause 17, p. 26-S of the National Forest 
Manual.) 

Check on Total Number of Logs. 

The logs in each pile or skidway will be counted after scaling, and 
the total checked with the number of entries in the scale book. 

DEDUCTIONS FOR DEFECTS. 

The effect of rot and other defects upon logs of different species 
and in different regions varies so greatly that no rules for making 



18 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

deductions can be applied inflexibly . The constant exercise of good 
judgment by scalers based upon an accurate knowledge of local 
timber is essential. Scalers should at every opportunity train their 
judgment in deducting for defects by watching defective logs open 
up under the saw. 

Defects are classified as follows: 

(1) Interior defects, which cause waste in the interior of logs. 

(2) Side defects, which cause waste on the outside of logs. 

(3) Defects from curve or sweep. 

(4) Defects from crotches. 

INTERIOR DEFECTS. 

General Rule. 

Interior defects showing in one or both ends of the log may, for 
reductions in scaling, be treated as sawed out in squares or rectangles. 
The Scribner Decimal C rule is based upon diagrams of 1-inch 
boards with ^-inch kerf. Twenty per cent of any square or rectangle 
inside the slabbed surfaces of the log is, therefore deducted for kerf 
in the rule. . This deduction is carried in scaling sound timber, and 
hence should not be included in allowances for defect. 

The scaler should first measure the end dimensions of the square 
or rectangle which will be wasted in manufacture and determine its 
length. From its computed contents in board feet 20 per cent should 
be deducted as the scale rule's allowance for saw kerf and the remain- 
der raised or lowered to the nearest 10. The gross scale of the log 
should then be reduced by this amount. 

The substance of this method is to deduct 80 per cent of the board 
foot contents of a piece of timber ha\ang the same dimensions as the 
defect. The entire process may be stated algebraically as follows: 
If a and 6 represent the end dimensions of the defect in inches^ I the 
length of the defect in feet, I^its solid contents in board feet, and X 
its contents in board feet after 20 per cent is deducted for kerf, X, or 
the net reduction to be made in the scale, may be obtained as 
follows: 

aXhXl ^ Y Y= F-0.20X Y 

or, reducing these equations to their simplest form, 
^ aXhXl 



SCALING LOGS. 19 

X must then be raised or lowered to the nearest 10. 

For example, a defect squaring 5 inches extends through a 16-foot 

log. ^^^^^=26f , or rounded to the nearest 10, 30 board feet, the 

allowance for defect to be taken from the gross scale of the log. 
For example, the waste in cutting out a defect which extends 

through a 16-foot log is 4X9 inches. "^^^ =38.4, or 40 board 

feet, the net allowance for the defect. 

Table 3 on page 56 of the Appendix gives, in lengths of from 6 to 
32 feet, deductions for interior defects which square from 2 to 30 
inches. 

Table 2 on page 46 gives deductions for similar defects which 
must be cut out in rectangles. 

WTiere defects of these classes show in both ends of the log the 
larger dimensions will be taken in logs 16 feet and under in length, 
and the average dimensions in logs over 16 feet. If a defect does not 
appear in both ends of the log the scaler should estimate its length, 
taking the other dimensions in full as shown at the defective end. 

As explained hereafter, it may be necessary to depart from the 
general rule in deducting for cat faces and some forms of butt rot. 

Center or Circular Rot. 

The defect should be squared or inclosed in a rectangle and the 
proper deduction determined in accordance with the preceding 
instructions. 

Many rules of thumb for determining the deduction for center or 
circular rot are in common use. These are usually too inaccurate for 
Service scaling. One of the best which gives results close to those 
obtained by the foregoing calculation is as follows: 

Obtain the average diameter of the rot at each end of the log aiid 
average these two figures. Add to the average diameter: 
^ if it is 12 inches or less. 
^ if it is from 13 to 20 inches, inclusive. 
^ if it exceeds 20 inches. 

Obtain the scale of a log of this diameter, as extended, and the same 
length as the log in question. Deduct this amount from the gross 
scale of the log. 



20 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

In the case of 16-foot logs only the deduction for circular rot can 
be obtained by squaring the diameter of the defect in inches and 
rounding off to the nearest multiple of 10. If the average diameter 
is 7 inches, for example, its square would be 49, or rounded off, 50 
board feet. (Read as 5 in the Scribner Decimal C log rule.) 

The use of the foregoing rules is authorized if desired in special 
cases, but the standard practice of the Service will be to deduct 
for center rot as for other interior defects by the readings given in the 
tables on pages 46 to 57 of the Appendix. 

Ground or Stump Rot. 

Ground or stump rot in butt logs seldom extends far into the log 
and usually tapers to a point. If it joins center rot from above or 
extends well up into the log, the defect comes under center or cir- 
cular rot. . 

Where stump rot spreads from the center of the log to within a 
short distance of the bark, a section of the log containing the defect 
should be cut out in scaling. Additional allowance should be made 
as under center or circular rot if the defect extends into the log 
above the section cut out. 

The scaler must exercise judgment in deducting for ground rot, 
comparing the diameter of the defect with that of the butt and 
sighting along the log to see if any boards can be cut from sound 
material outside of the rot. Where this defect occurs on only one 
side of the butt, it usually extends but a short distance into the log. 
Much of it will frequently come out in the slab, especially where 
there is considerable "flare" or swell. 

Circular Shake or Pitch Rings. 

The standard rule for interior defects should be applied to the 
material within the outer shake or pitch ring. If there is a sound 
core of merchantable size inside of the shake or pitch ring, it should 
be scaled as a separate log. The difference between its scale and the 
amount of material obtained by squaring the outer dimensions of 
the defect is the net deduction from the full scale of the log. 

The rules of thumb given under ''Center or circular rot," page 19, 
apply also to circular shake or pitch rings. 



SCALING LOGS. 21 

Pin Dote or Peck. 

Pin dote or peck appears on the ends of logs as little rotten spots 
or pockets usually occurring in a roughly circular area. Logs con- 
taining it may ''open up" poorly, the doty spots frequently converg- 
ing and forming a mass of more or less broken-down material. It 
often extends into knots. If the area of defect on the end of the log 
is 4 inches or more in diameter, deduction should be made under 
the standard rule for interior defects. Defective areas less than 4 
inches in diameter can usually be disregarded. 

Check or Pitch Seam. 

The scaler should first ascertain whether the seam shows at both 
ends of the log and if it is straight or twisted. The greater the twist, 
the larger will be the amount of waste. If the seam shows at only 
one end of the log, the distance which it extends into the log must 
be measured . The dimensions of waste material in sawing the seam 
out should also be measured on the end of the log. Deduction for 
the defect should then be determined under the standard rule for 
interior defects. 

Cat Face. 

Proper deduction for cat face can not be made under the general 
rule for interior defects. The log should be di\dded into sections, 
throwing the defect into one section. The scaler should determine 
what part of the total length of the log is affected, find the contents 
of this section on his scale stick, and determine the portion of the 
section which will be lost in sawing. The latter should be deducted 
from the gross scale of the log. 

For example, in the butt of a 16-foot log with a top diam.eter of 24 
inches, scaling 400 feet b. m., there is a cat face 5 feet long extend- 
ing to the heart of the log. The cat face tapers toward the top where 
it will come out in slabbing and affects about 4 feet of the log. The 
4-foot section affected contains one-fourth of the scale of the log, or 
100 feet b. m. The defect will throw out one-half of this 4-foot 
section, or 50 feet b. m., the amount to be deducted. Here again 
judgment and knowledge of the timber are necessary. While the 
defect may extend to the heart of the stump, it may taper rapidly 
toward the top and perhaps affect only one-third or less of the section. 



22 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

Dote Appearing in Knots. 

Defect in the log is sometimes shown only by rot or dote in the 
knots. No fixed rule can be applied in such cases. Deductions 
must be made in accordance with the scaler's knowledge of how 
such logs "open up." 

Dote in knots is an indication of an enlarged area of rot in adjoin- 
ing portions of the log. When rot appears both at the ends of a log 
and in its knots, the deduction, depending on the number of knot.s 
affected and their size and position, should ordinarily be from 25 to 
50 per cent greater than when the ends alone are defective. 

Wormhoies. 

Deductions for wormhoies depend upon their number and extent. 
A few scattered holes can ordinarily be disregarded. \Miere such 
holes are so numerous or so large as to clearly cull the material 
affected, deductions should be made as for other interior defects. 
Knowledge of how wormy logs open up and the number of worm 
holes admitted in merchantable lumber is necessary,' for accurate 
scaling in such timber. 

SIDE DEFECTS. 

Unsound Sap. 

The sound heartwood alone should be measured in logs with a shell 
of unsound sap. 

Sound blue sap or firm stain, not broken down or worm-eaten, will 
not ordinarily be regarded as a defect. 

Checks. 

Where a number of deep checks extend from the surface toward 
the center of a log, the scaler will measure the diameter of the sound 
core within the largest circle which can be described on the scaling 
end without being seriously cut into by checks. All material out- 
side of this circle should be thrown out as defective. The sound core 
will usually be measured on the small end of the log. If the core of 
solid material is smaller at the butt end, however, measurement 
should be made there for scaling. Deductions for single checks may 
be made by measuring the rectangle of waste material as in the case 
of interior defects. 



SCALING LOGS. 23 

Other Side Defects. 

Scalers should not lose sight of the fact that the waste caused by 
defects on the side of a log is much less than in the case of defects 
near the center, since much of the unsound material will come out in 
slabbing, or is outside of the cylinder represented by the top end of 
the log and its total length. This is especially true of defects on 
butt logs with considerable flare or swell. 

In culling for fire scars which are not classed as cat faces and other 
side defects, like those caused by lightning, the scaler should deter- 
mine the depth of the defect. If it will not be cut off in slabbing, 
proper deductions should be made by measuring the loss in accord- 
ance with the rule for interior defects; or in the case of very irregu- 
lar patches of waste, by estimating the percentage of the log affected. 

The scale is not ordinarily reduced by spiral lightning scars, which 
do not usually run deep and most of which are removed in slabbing. 
The percentage of loss is proportionately greater in small than in 
large logs. 
Minimum Length and Width of Lumber. 

It is of special importance in deducting for side defects to bear in 
mind the minimum length and width of merchantable lumber fol- 
lowed in Service scaling. (See p. 12.) 

CURVE OR SWEEP. 

The percentage of waste from sweep or curve varies with the diame- 
ter of the log. A curve of 3 inches in a 10-inch log will cause approxi- 
mately twice the proportionate waste as the same curve in a 20-incli 
log. Sweep which would cull a very small log would not necessarily 
cause the rejection of a large log. 

The scaler should sight along a curved log, noting where the saw 
will square it sufficiently to cut boards on both sides affected by the 
curve. In determining the amount of loss it should be remembered- 
that material near the slab saAvs out narrow boards containing fewer 
feet than those cut from any other part of the log. 

No deduction should be made for curve or sweep in logs over 16 
feet long. 

CROTCHES. 

Except in rare cases, crotches do not affect the scale of logs. If 
the end or upper portion of a log is badly crotched, proper deduction 



24 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

should be made from its length. In any case where a crotch occurs, 
the scaler should obtain the average diameter of the log just below 
the swelling caused by the crotch. This may be done by measuring 
the diameter at the butt and making the usual allowance for taper. 

DETERMINING THE MERCHANTABILITY OF LOGS. 

The per cent of the total scale of a log, which determines its mer- 
chantability, should always be reckoned from the full scale, includ- 
ing unsound sap, checks, curve, and any other defects present. 

SCALING GREEN AND DEAD TIMBER. 

In sales which include green and dead timber at separate stumpage 
prices, the scaler should not attempt to trace logs from the tree to es- 
tablish their character, but may classify them on the appearance of 
the log at the point of scaling. (See Standard Clause 34, National 
Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) 

PENALTY SCALE. 

The penalty-scale clause of Form 202, provides for liquidated 
damages to cover losses to the United States which result from 
leaving material in the woods or cutting contrary to the terms of the 
contract. 

Enforcement of the penalty-scale clause is necessary except in 
accidental or exceptional cases involving small amounts of timber, 
where it may be waived by the officer in charge. Whenever waste 
subject to the penalty -scale clause occurs, the officer in charge will 
notify the purchaser and call his attention to the utilization re- 
quired by the contract. If further waste occurs, or if material pre- 
viously left in the woods whose utilization is practicable is not 
removed, a penalty scale should be made of all such material and 
reported to the supervisor. 

Penalty material should be scaled as promptly as practicable and 
in any case immediately after the completion of operations upon a 
logging unit. 

Material subject to this requirement (penalty-scale clause. Form 
202) will be scaled, stamped, and numbered as in the regular scale, 
and recorded as indicated on page 36. 



SCALING LOGS. 25 

Under the scaling-length clause of Form 202, logs overrunning the 
specified allowance for trimming will be scaled not to exceed the next 
foot in length. If a scaler finds frequent violations of the trimming 
overrun, he should notify the purchaser. If further violations occur, 
he should measure all logs and scale as 1 foot longer any pieces over- 
running the trim.ming allowance. Penalty scaling of this character 
will be noted plainly in the scale book against the number of the log 
to avoid possible controversy. 

SETTLEMENT OF COMPLAINTS. 

Complaints should be settled by a check scale. If the results of 
the first check are questioned upon apparently good grounds, a second 
check may be made by another scaler. It is the policy of the Forest 
SerAT.ce to ascertain the justice of responsible complaints by a rescale 
conducted by a more competent and experienced scaler, not by lum- 
ber tallies or mill checks on the log scale. Complaints will be set- 
tled by mill checks only in extreme and exceptional cases where 
required by the defective character of the logs or other special local 

conditions. 

CHECK SCALING. 

The chief purpose of check scaling is to make and keep the current 
scale accurate by indicating sources of error and particularly by in- 
structing scalers on the ground. Systematic check scaling, catch- 
ing up the local scale often enough to insure its efficiency, is there- 
fore a necessary part of the timber sales organization. 

So far as practicable a check scale should be made at least once a 
year on every sale of 1,000,000 feet or more. Smaller sales should be 
checked as frequently as may be necessary to properly train the local 
officers in charge of them. Checking the scale of rangers who have 
but little sales work is of special importance, since the most serious 
errors occur in such cases. 

As many logs as practicable should be scaled by the check scaler 
after they have been scaled by the officer in charge of the sale and 
without knowledge of his figures. The check will then be com- 
pared with the original scale. The log numbers and lengths of the 
original scale will be recorded in the check scaler's book and the 
pages cut out and filed in the supervisor's office with a copy of the 

63745—15 2 



26 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



check scaler's report. Check scale figures may be put in the follow- 
ing form: 





Sound logs. 


Unsound logs. 


Total. 




berof 
logs. 


Scale. 


Per 
cent, 
+ or 


: 'um- 
ber of 
logs. 


Scale. 


Per 
cent, 
+ or 


^'um- 
ber of 
logs. 


Scale. 


Per 
cent, 
-for 


Scale 




















by 

















■ 




by 





















Ordinarily a check scale on 100 or 200 logs should come -within 4 
per cent, and on 400 to 500 logs within 3 per cent of the original scale. 
These percentages are intended simply as approximate standards of 
satisfactory scaling for the guidance of Forest officers, not as a basis 
for changing the original scale. 

The findings of check scalers will be reported uniformly to the 
district forester. The original scale will be modified only when 
found to have been fundamentally wrong in method or in the treat- 
ment of important defects and when it is clear that serious injustice 
has been done to the purchaser. Changes will be made only with 
the approval of the district forester . 

MILL SCALE STUDIES. 

Aside from their occasional need for the settlement of complaints 
(see p. 25), mill scale studies should be made to obtain accurate 
data on lumber yields and overrun by grades for use in stumpage 
appraisals. Detailed working plans should be prepared and ap- 
proved by the Forester before studies of this kind are initiated. 

Wherever practicable, expecially in the case of defective timber, 
logs should be followed through the mill by scalers. The object of 
simple mill checks of this nature is (1) to train the scaler's judgment 
by seeing how individual defects open up in the logs and reduce the 
cut of sound lumber, and (2) to obtain a check on the total jdeld of 
lumber from logs containing various defects as compared %\ith the 
scale. The amount to be deducted in scaling for particular kinds 
of defects is the most important thing to learn from such mill checks. 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 27 

SCALING FROM THE STUMP. 

Use of Stump Scales. 

A stump scale is obviously less accurate than a scale of logs, even 
when measurements are most carefully made. Stump scales should 
never be used, therefore, when log scales are practicable. This 
method will be employed only in timber trespasses and other cases 
where the logs have been removed and a log scale is impossible. 

In Timber Trespass, 

The total log lengths cut from each tree should be measured in 
making a stump scale of a timber trespass. Often the indentation in 
the ground where the butt struck in felling can be located . From that 
point, which may be several feet from the stump, the total log length 
should be measured to the top, the direction of which can usually 
be determined by the undercut on the stump. The total length 
should be divided into logs in accordance with Taper Tables 9 or 10 on 
pages 67 and 68 of the Appendix, and the instructions on page 14. The 
diameter of each log should be ascertained from the table or estimated 
from the total length and the top and stump diameters. The scale 
of each log may then be obtained from a scale stick or Table 1 on 
page 40 of the Appendix. Merchantable timber left in tops, in 
high stumps, and in unused logs should be scaled and entered 
separately. After scaling each tree, the top of the stump and the 
butt of the top should be stamped "U. S." Deductions from the 
scale should be made for cull in accordance with the best data 
available for the class of timber concerned. 

Where the tops can not be identified or have been moved or 
destroyed by fire, the scale may be obtained from the best volume 
table available for the locality and species by reducing the diameter 
at the top of the stump to diameter breast high. Volume tables 
may be used in lieu of stump scales, particularly when heights can 
be checked on trees bordering the cutting, if the results of this 
method are believed to be more accurate. 

Forest ofl&cers should use extreme care in scaling trespass timber 
especially by a stump scale, and should keep complete notes of the 
method used. If the case is brought into court, the scale and 
methods used in detail must be introduced as legal evidence. 



28 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

In Sales by Estimate. 

In sales by estimate the scale or estimate of each tree sold must 
' be obtained. An accurate volume table, if available, may be used, 
or the dimensions of each log in the tree determined and its scale 
taken from a scale rule or the table on page 40 of the Appendix. 
Deductions should be made for cull in accordance with visible 
defects and the scaler's knowledge of the amount and character of 
defect common in timber of the region. 

CUBIC MEASUREMENTS. 

Policy. 

The cubic content of timber may be measured (1) by the cord or 
(2) by the cubic foot. Cubic-foot measurements may, for determin- 
ing stumpage payments, be converted into cords or board feet in 
accordance with a converting factor specified in the contract. 

Merchantable Timber. 

Standards of merchantability should be specified in contracts as 
in sales of saw timber. These standards should conform to the best 
trade practice for each species and class of material in the region 
and as far as practicable should cover the points specified on page 12 
for material measured by log scale, namely: minimum length of 
merchantable pieces, minimum diameter, proportion of defective 
material admissible, and treatment of common defects in scaling. 

Requirements of Purchasers. 

The requirements of purchasers will be similar to those in saw- 
timber sales. (See p. 13.) Ricks for cord measure must be suffi- 
ciently regular to permit reasonably accurate measurement. 

In sales of shingle stock where the officer in charge may determine 
the number of bolts to the cord, purchasers should be required to 
rick bolts only in case of question as to the proper number or to check 
the number currently used. 

Check Measurements. 

Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- 
tions for check scaling, page 25. The same procedure should be 
followed as regards the frequency of checks in sales of varying size, 
the methods of conducting and reporting the check, and action to 
rectify the original scale. 



CUBIC MEASUREMENTS. 29 

CORD MEASURE. 

Policy. 

Fuel wood will ordinarily be sold by the cord. Pulpwood, shake 
and shingle bolts, cooperage bolts, furniture bolts, acid wood, and 
bark may be sold by the cord or by other units of measure common 
in the local trade. In sales of shake or shingle bolts the unit of 
measure will ordinarily be the sound cord — that is, sound material 
equivalent to one cord— rather than the measured cord which may 
include some defective material. This requires throwing in addi- 
tional bolts to make up for defective parts of the bolts constituting 
a measured cord. The same rule may be followed in the case'of 
other material sold by the cord, if desirable to draw the contract in 
this form. 

If cord dimensions differing from the standard of 8 feet long, 4 
feet wide, and 4 feet high, with a volume of 128 cubic feet, are to 
be used, they should be specified in the contract, as when the long 
cord, 8 by 4 by 5 feet, with a volume of 160 cubic feet, is to be used 
for pulpwood or bark, or widths narrower than 4 feet are to be used 
for fuel wood or bolts. 

Cord Measurements. 

Measurements of ricks will be taken with a tape in feet and tenths. 
WTiere ricks are standing on slopes the length of the rick parallel to 
the slope will be measured and the height at right angles to this 
plane. If end stakes are used, the length of ricks should be measured 
one-half of the distance between top and bottom; otherwise, at two 
or more places to obtain a fair average. The height should be meas- 
ured at several places to give the true average. 

In sales of fuel wood where a majority of the pieces in a rick are 
3 inches more or less than the > standard lengths, the rick should 
be measured, computed, and charged for on its actual cubic contents. 

In sales of bolts of specified dimensions the lengths should be 
checked sufficiently to make sure that they do not regularly overrun 
the allowance specified in the contract. If overrun is general, the 
procedure should follow that outlined under penalty scale on page 25. 

To compute the number of standard cords of 128 cubic feet, in 
ricks 4 feet wide, multiply the height by the length of the rick in 
feet and divide by 32. If the length of the wood is greater or less 
than 4 feet, multiply length, width, and height and divide by 128. 



30 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

Stamping and Numbering. 

Both the top and bottom of each rick and at least 12 pieces in each 
cord must be stamped. Each rick will be numbered. The meas- 
urements and contents of each rick should be entered opposite its 
number in the scale book. \\Tiere bolts are counted and the number 
per cord estimated by the Forest officer, each bolt should be stamped. 

CUBIC-FOOT MEASURE. 

Policy. 

Sales by cubic foot measure will be encouraged in order to place 
timber measurements on a more exact basis and permit accurate 
comparison of scientific and practical data. It will be the standard 
policy of the Forest Service to sell pulpwood by the cubic foot, with 
a converting equivalent to cords or board feet named in the contract 
where necessary. The specification of a converting factor makes it 
possible, particularly in the case of fuel or pulpwood, to adjust the 
method of measurement to the form in which the material is cut. 
The basis of measurement in sales of other classes of material should 
be changed to the cubic standard whenever practicable. 

Measurements. 

Two measurements are necessary — the average diameter of the log 
at its middle point in inches and its total length in feet. The former 
may be secured by calipers and the latter by tape. 

The average diameter of logs of irregular shape should be secured 
by averaging the greatest diameter with the one at right angles to 
it, or by averaging four measurements if necessary for accuracy. If 
this is impossible because of the position of the log, the scaler should 
obtain the best average possible from two or more diameter measure- 
ments. Proper deductions should be made for the thickness of the 
bark. Recorded diameters should be rounded off to the nearest 
inch above or below the actual measurement. Logs having a diam- 
eter exactly halfway between inches will be thrown to the next 
lower inch. 

The length of logs should be obtained in feet. Lengths should 
be rounded off to the nearest foot above or below the actual measure- 
ment. Logs whose length is half way between feet should be thrown 
to the next lower foot. Pieces exceeding 40 feet in length should 



LINEAR MEASUBEMENT8. 31 

be measured as two logs of as nearly equal length as possible, and 
pieces exceeding 80 feet as three logs. When pieces are measured 
as two or more logs the contents allowed for the separate lengths 
should be added and the total recorded as one log. 

The volume in cubic feet may be obtained directly from Table 4 
on page 58 of the Appendix, which contains the solid contents of 
logs in cubic feet for average middle diameters from 3 to 60 inches, 
and for lengths from 4 to 40 feet. 

Table 8 on page 66 of the Appendix gives the area in square feet 
of circles from 1 to 80 inches in diameter. This may be used for 
computing volumes in cubic feet, by multiplying the area of the 
middle cross section of the log in square feet by the length. 

Deductions for Defect. 

Deductions for defect should be made, in cubic-foot measurements, 
in accordance with the general methods discussed for scaling saw 
timber, page 17. The solid volume in cubic feet of waste material, 
as determined by the surface dimensions of the defect in square or 
rectangular form, times its length, should be deducted from the total 
cubic volume of the log. Since no allowance is made for saw kerf in 
cubic measurement, the 20 per cent reduction required in deter- 
mining net loss of log scale by the board foot does not apply in this 
case. 

No deductions should be made in cubic-foot measurements for 
curve or sweep, crotches, knots, or other "sound" defects. Deduc- 
tions should be made, however, for unsound defects of any charac- 
ter which affect the merchantability of the log for the particular 
product of the sale. 

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. 

Policy. 

Lagging, posts, piling, fence poles, converter poles, telephone 
poles, stuUs, and mine timbers may be sold by the linear foot. 

Merchantable Timber. 

The instructions under "Definition of merchantable logs," page 
12, should be followed. Timber sale contracts should specify the 
minimum length and top diameter of sticks classed as merchantable 



32 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

for each product. Maximum lengths and diameters should be desig- 
nated in contracts under which higher prices are to be paid for 
products cut from the larger material. It is especially necessary in 
sales of cedar covering both poles and other products to specify the 
dimensions of material to be used for each product. (See Standard 
Clause 16, National Forest Manual, p. 26-S.) 

Similar specifications should cover wherever necessary the amount 
and kinds of defect admissible in products sold by the linear foot or 
the character of the material held to be merchantable for these pur- 
poses. This is of special importance in the case of valuable products 
like telephone poles and stulls which usually require the best grades 
of timber. The current specifications of local associations of pole 
dealers and the like should be followed as regards the area of defect 
admitted in the butts of poles of various diameters and similar 
points affecting merchantability. 

Requirements of Purchasers. 

The requirements of purchasers will be similar to those specified 
on page 13. If products sold by the linear foot are to be cut in 
several standard lengths, purchasers may be required to pile or deck 
each length separately, if practicable and necessary to permit eco- 
nomical measurement. 

Measurement. 

Measurements of length only are required. V^Tiere pieces are cut 
in uniform, standard lengths, actual measurement is necessary only 
in doubtful cases and at short intervals to check the lengths em- 
ployed by the choppers. AVhen several products are cut in the same 
sale, or prices depend upon both diameter and length, a similar 
current check should be made of the diameter of linear-foot material. 

The standard allowance for trimming in cutting telephone poles 
is 1 inch for each 5 feet of length. Penalty measurements for lengths 
in excess of the trimming allowance will follow the provisions of the 
contract in accordance with the procediue outlined under "Penalty 
scale," page 24. ^^^lerever advisable, contracts should specify 
trimming allowances for other classes of material. 



LINEAR MEASUREMENTS. 33 

Board-foot Equivalents. 

If desirable, contracts may specify equivalents in a thousand feet 
board measure for a stated number of linear feet. (See Standard 
Clause 27, National Forest Manual, p. 27-S.) This facilitates the 
application of a flat stumpage rate. As a standard practice, however, 
it is preferable to require payment for such material on a linear-foot 
basis. 

Stamping and Numbering. 

Each stick measured must be stamped on at least one end. 

Each pile of material measured should be numbered with crayon 
in the case of lagging, posts, fence poles, converter poles, or other 
material where individual pieces are small and of little value. The 
number of pieces in each pile and their linear-foot contents will be 
entered opposite the pile number in the scale book. Large pieces, 
like telephone poles, piling, and 16-foot stulls, equivalent in value 
to saw logs, should each receive a number. The scale of each piece 
should be entered opposite its number in the scale book. 

Check Measurements. 

Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- 
tions for check scaling, page 25, and for check measurements, page 28. 

Combined Linear and Diameter Measurements. 

"Where tlie market value of products like telephone poles and stulls 
varies widely in accordance with top diameter as well as length, a 
schedule of stumpage rates for the various lengths and sizes should 
be used. In such sales the top diameter of each piece must be accu- 
rately measured, an average diameter being obtained in the case of 
sticks of irregular shape. Diameters will be averaged to the nearest 
inch, unless taking the next lower inch has been agreed upon in 
advance with the purchaser and is specifically required by the con- 
tract. If different lengths are cut, they should be measured on not 
less than 25 per cent of the pieces. Every piece should be given a 
separate number and entry in the scale book, as in the case of saw 
logs. 



34 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

COUNTING. 

Policy. 

Hewn ties sold by the piece, in accordance with the standard prac- 
tice of the Forest Service, will be counted. Ties will also be counted 
in sales where their board-foot contents are specified by the agree- 
ment. In the exceptional cases in which ties are scaled the instruc- 
tions under scaling will be followed. Shingle bolts will be counted 
when contracts specify that the number of bolts to the cord will be 
determined by the scaler. 

Lagging, poles, posts, etc., will be counted when sold by the piece. 

Merchantable Timber. 

The instructions under "Definition of merchantable logs, " page 12, 
will be followed unless otherwise provided in the contract. Contract 
requirements should conform with the local market specifications of 
the product concerned. Special contract clauses should be used to 
designate unmistakably the maximum and minimum sizes of pieces 
which are to be counted rather than scaled. (See Standard Clauses 
14 and 15, National Forest Manual, p. 26-S.) Such clauses should 
include any specifications as to defect or class of material necessary 
to establish beyond question what timber is merchantable for these 
products. 

Requirements of Purchasers. 

The requirements of purchasers should be similar to those outlined 
on page 13. 

Stamping and Numbering. 

'\^'hen counted each stick of mine timbers, ties, posts, or poles must 
be stamped on at least one end. 

Each pile of material must be numbered with crayon even though 
it will be removed immediately. The number of pieces will be 
entered opposite the number of the pile in the scale book. 

Check Measurements. 

Check measurements will be made in accordance with the instruc- 
tions under Check scaling, page 25 ,and Check measurements, page 28. 



WEIGHING RECORDS AND REPORTS. 35 

WEIGHING. 

Bark may be sold by the ton when this method accords with the 
best trade practice of the region and scales are available on which 
weights may be taken by Forest officers or checked when taken by 
agents of common carriers. If the long rather than the standard ton 
is to be used, this must be specified in the contract. 

RECORDS AND REPORTS. 

Scale Books. 

The scale or measurement of logs Oi other material will be entered 
by scalers directly in the Scale Book, Forms 231, 651, 648, or 223, and 
by check scalers in the Comparative Scale Book, Form 122. Scale 
records will not be entered in other notebooks or on loose slips of 
paper to be transferred to scale books later, except under excep- 
tional conditions where the cost of scaling would be materially 
increased or the purchaser seriously inconvenienced by adhering to 
the standard practice. Temporary scale records must be transferred 
to the regular scale book as soon as practicable and the temporary 
record fastened permanently to the page of the scale book on which 
the entries are made. The original scale books, after all entries have 
been made and checked, will be kept in the supervisor's office in all 
advertised sales, and in the ranger's office in unadvertised sales. 
Logs, pieces, or piles of material should be numbered and their scale, 
cubic contents, linear feet, number of sticks, or number of cords, 
with the other data called for on these forms, entered opposite each 
serial number in accordance with the instructions on numbering, 
pages 15, 30, 33, and 34. 

When pieces are scaled as two or more logs the scale allowed for the 
separate lengths will be added and the total sum recorded as one log. 

Similarly, when pieces are measured by the cubic foot as two or 
more logs, the dimensions of the whole piece should be entered under 
a single serial number, the cubic contents of the separate lengths 
added, and the total recorded as one log. 

So far as scaling forms allow, the following information should be 
given for each class of material scaled, measured, or counted: 

Saw timber: Serial number of each log, length, net scale, and 
deductions for defect. 



36 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

Cord material: Serial number of each rick, dimensions of rick in 
feet and tenths, and its contents in cords and fractions of cords. 

Cubic-foot material: Serial number of each log, its length in feet, 
middle diameter in inches, net contents in cubic feet, and deductions 
for defect. 

Linear material: Serial number of each pile and number of pieces 
of specified class and lengths. 

Material counted: Serial number of each pile and number of pieces, 
by special class and length if necessary. 

Material weighed: Number of pounds or tons with identification 
by car shipment or otherwise. 

Where no column is given for cull, the figure can be entered in 
the space for the net scale, inclosed in a circle, thus: ®. Entries 
of the diameter of saw logs and notes on the kind of defect are desir- 
able, in addition to those specified above. They may be required 
in the discretion of the district forester. 

Sample sheets of Forms 231, 231-Dl, and 631, on pages 70, 72, 74, 
and 76 of the Appendix show the proper method of keeping scale 
records of sawtimber. 

Sample sheets of Forms 231 and 231-Dl on pages 84 and 86 of the 
Appendix sliow standard methods of recording measurements and 
counts of telephone poles and piling sold by the linear foot and piece. 

A sample sheet of Form 648 on page 88 of the Appendix shows 
the standard method of recording measurements and counts of min- 
ing timbers sold by the Linear foot, and ties and posts sold by the 
piece. 

A sample sheet of Form 231 on page 78 of the Appendix shows the 
standard method of recording cubic feet and cords. 

A sample sheet of Form 651 on page 82 of the Appendix yliows 
an excellent method of counting shingle bolts on an average number 
per cord and recording the count in cords. 

A sample sheet of Form 648 on page 80 of the Appendix shows the 
standard method of recording measurements of fuel wood sold by the 
cord. 

Penalty Scale Records. 

Separate scale books will be kept in large sales for -material cov- 
ered by penalty scale under the penalty-scale clause of the timber- 
sale contract, Form 202. A separate record of such material will be 



EECORDS AND REPORTS. 37 

kept in small sales. A single scale of all classes of timber subject 
to the penalty will be entered in this record, but separate entries 
must be carried for each class to which a different charge applies. 
Each set of entries should be given a heading indicating the charge 
applicable. The following may occur: 

Material not previously scaled, to be charged for at double the 
stumpage rate. 

Material not pre\Tlously scaled, to be charged for at the regular, 
or single, stumpage rate. 

In exceptional cases, material previously scaled, to be charged 
for at double rates. 

The original log numbers of material in the latter class will be 
recorded in the penalty-scale record, the heading indicating that the 
regular stumpage prices has alread}^ been charged. 

The record of penalty scale for overrunning trimming allowance 
under the scaling-length clause of Form 202 should be noted on 
the original scale sheets against the number of each log concerned. 

Check of Scale Books. 

All additions and computations in scale books, including figures 
read from tables, will be checked either in the supervisor's or dis- 
trict office as the district forester may direct. If errors are found 
the necessary corrections will,, be entered on Form 820, supple- 
menting the last scale report of record in the sale. 

Cutting Reports. 

The Forest officer in charge will notify the supervisor when cutting 
begins on any advertised sale. The scale in all sales will be reported 
to the supervisor on Form 820, and a duplicate retained in the 
ranger's files. In unadvertised sales only the final report need be 
submitted to the supervisor. Cutting reports will be submitted in 
advertised sales while work is in progress, covering periods of one, 
two,-three, or four weeks, as may be required by the supervisor, but 
ordinarily ending on Saturday. Special dates may be set by super- 
visors for submitting cutting reports, as may be most convenient 
for them or for purchasers. As far as practicable the wishes and 
needs of purchasers should be met in fixing dates for the submission 
of reports. 



38 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

Penalty Scale Reports. 

Reports of penalty scale should be made separately from the reg- 
ular scale. Separate reports may be submitted on Form 820, prop- 
erly labeled, or, where small quantities of material are reported at 
infrequent intervals, entries may be made on the back of Form 820 
under ' ' Remarks. ' ' Whenever penalty scale is reported, the ' ' Total 
previously reported," "Total since last report," and "Total to date" 
should be given. If separate Forms 820 are used, they should con- 
stitute an independent series. Entries under "Remarks" need be 
made only in reports for periods during which a penalty scale has 
actually been made and in the final report for the sale. 

Check and Record of Cutting Reports. 

As cutting reports (Form 820) are received, they should be com- 
pared with the timber sales record card for errors in entries brought 
forward from the last report and for the correctness of the rates. All 
calculations will be checked and the information regarding the 
progress of the sale scrutinized. The date of the report, quantity 
of each class of material cut, reduced to feet board measure by 
approved converting factors, and total value of material cut since 
the last report and to date will be entered on the record card. The 
total value of the cut to date will be compared with the total deposits 
to prevent cutting in excess of payments. 

Scale Records for Purchasers. 

Unless deemed inadvisable by the oflEicer in charge or by the 
supervisor, the scale of individual logs, measurement of individual 
pieces or ricks, or count of particular piles of timber sale products 
should be given to purchasers upon request, either in person or by 
letter. Similarly, the complete scale record may be opened to the 
purchaser at any time in the presence of a Forest officer. Supervi- 
sors should inform purchasers of the scale to date at regular periods, 
either by letter or by furnishing approved cutting reports on Form 
820 without entries on the back. 

Report of Timber Sold and Cut. 

The monthly report on Form 949 will be mailed to the district 
forester by the supervisor not later than the fifth of the succeeding 



KECORDS AND REPORTS. 39 

month, even if no timber has been sold or cut during the month. 
It will be compiled from all Forms 615, which will not be placed in 
the closed records until the end of the month. All timber for which 
payment is made, whether cut in sales, administrative use, or timber 
settlement, will be included. The date of approval of the agree- 
ment or stipulation will be taken in each case as the date of sale, 
even though an emergency sale may have been made in advance. 
The day when each cutting report is received will be taken as the 
date of cutting. All data will be checked before the report is for- 
warded. If a flat rate has been applied to green and dead timber, 
the two classes may be prorated in the scale report. Form 949, on 
the basis of their ratio in the original estimate. 

The amount and value of the timber sold and cut, respectively, 
in sales at cost under Regulation S-22 will be reported separately. 

The report should include a statement of the amount of timber 
previously reported as sold which will not be cut owing to cancella- 
tions or modifications of contracts during the month. 

District Forester's Monthly Report. 

As soon as practicable after the first of each month the district 
forester will report to the Forester the amount and value of green 
and dead timber sold and cut respectively during the preceding 
month, by Forests. This report should include a statement of the 
amount of timber previously reported as sold which will not be cut 
owing to cancellations or modifications of contracts during the 
month. 

It will not be necessary to include in this statement the "overcut" 
or "undercut" in sales which were closed during the preceding 
month. 

Annual Report. 

The annual report will be compiled from the monthly reports. 

Report on Miscellaneous Products. 

Sales of miscellaneous forest products, such as Christmas trees, 
naval stores, seedlings, etc., should be reported in a footnote to the 
district forester's monthly and annual report of timber cut and sold. 



40 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



APPENDIX 



TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE. 

6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS. 



1 












Length 


-feet. 










6 


7 


8 


9 


10 

1 


11 


12 


13 

1 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 










Contents 


—board feet in tens. 








Ins. 




























6 


0.5 


0.5 


0.5 


0.5 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


7 


.5 


1 


1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


.3 


3 


8 


1 


^ 1 


1 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


9 


1 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


4 


10 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


5 


6 


6 


6 


11 


2 


2 


3 


3 


4 


4 


4 


5 


5 


6 


7 


7 


8 


12 


3 


3 


4 


4 


5 


5 


6 


6 


7 


7 


8 


8 


9 


13 


4 


4 


5 


5 


6 


7 


7 


8 


8 


9 


10 


10 


11 


14 


4 


5 


6 


6 


7 


8 


9 


9 


10 


11 


11 


12 


13 


15 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


16 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


17 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


20 


21 


18 


8 


9 


11 


12 


13 


15 


16 


17 


19 


20 


21 


23 


24 


19 


9 


10 


12 


13 


15 


16 


18 


19 


21 


22 


24 


25 


27 


20 


11 


12 


14 


16 


17 


19 


21 


23 


24 


26 


28 


30 


31 


21 


12 


13 


15 


17 


19 


21 


23 


25 


27 


28 


30 


32 


34 


i 22 


13 


15 


17 


19 


21 


23 


25 


27 


29 


31 


33 


35 


38 


23 


14 


16 


19 


21 


23 


26 


28 


31 


33 


35 


38 


40 


42 


24 


15 


18 


21 


23 


25 


28 


30 


33 


35 


38 


40 


43 


45 


25 


17 


20 


23 • 


26 


29 


31 


34 


37 


40 


43 


46 


49 


52 


26 


19 


22 


25 


28 


31 


34 


37 


41 


44 


47 


50 


63 


56 


27 


21 


24 


27 


31 


34 


38 


41 


44 


48 


51 


65 


68 


62 


28 


22 


25 


29 


33 


36 


40 


44 


47 


51 


54 


68 


62 


65 


1 29 


23 


27 


31 


35 


38 


42 


46 


49 


53 


57 


61 


65 


68 


\ 30 


1 25 


29 


33 


37 


41 


45 


49 


53 


57 


62 


66 


70 


74 


31 


1 27 


31 


36 


40 


44 


49 


53 


58 


62 


67 


71 


75 


80 


32 


1 28 


32 


37 


41 


46 


51 


55 


60 


64 


69 


74 


78 


83 


33 


29 


34 


39 


44 


49 


54 


59 


64 


69 


73 


78 


83 


88 


34 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


60 


65 


70 


75 


80 


85 


90 


35 


' 33 


38 


44 


49 


55 


60 


66 


71 


77 


82 


88 


93 


98 


36 


1 35 


40 


46 


52 


68 


63 


69 


75 


81 


86 


92 


98 


104 


37 


39 


45 


51 


58 


i 64 


71 


77 


84 


90 


96 


103 


109 


116 


38 


40 


47 


54 


60 


67 


73 


80 


87 


93 


100 


107 


113 


120 


39 


42 


49 


56 


63 


70 


77 


84 


91 


98 


105 


112 


119 


126 


1 " 


i« 


53 


60 

i 


68 


1 75 


83 


90 


98 


105 


113 


120 


128 


135 



APPENDIX. 



41 



TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE. 

19 TO 32 FOOT LOGS. 



5 


Length— feet. 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


29 


30 


31 


32 










Contents 


—board feet in tens. 










7ns. 


























1 




6 


2 


2 


2 


3 


3 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


4 


4 


5 ' 


5 


7 


3 


3 


3 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


5 


5 


5 


5 


6 


6 


8 


3 


3 


. 4 


4 


4 


4 


5 


5 


5 


6 


6 


6 


7 


7 


9 


4 


4 


5 


5 


5 


6 


6 


6 


7 


7 


8 


8 


9 


9 


10 


7 


7 


7 


8 


8 


9 


9 


9 


10 


10 


11 


11 


12 


12 


11 


8 


8 


9 


9 


10 


10 


11 


11 


12 


12 


13 


13 


14 


14 


12 


9 


10 


10 


11 


11 


12 


12 


13 


13 


14 


14 


15 


15 


16 


13 


12 


12 


13 


13 


14 


15 


15 


16 


16 


17 


18 


18 


19 


19 


14 


14 


14 


15 


16 


16 


17 


18 


19 


19 


20 


21 


21 


22 


23 


15 


17 


18 


19 


20 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


28 


16 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


26 


27 


28 


29 


30 


31 


32 


17 


22 


23 


24 


25 


27 


28 


29 


30 


31 


32 


33 


35 


36 


37 


18 


25 


27 


28 


29 


31 


32 


33 


35 


36 


37 


39 


40 


41 


43 


19 


28 


-30 


31 


33 


34 


36 


37 


39 


40 


42 


43 


45 


46 


48 


20 


33 


35 


37 


38 


40 


42 


44 


45 


47 


49 


51 


52 


54 


66 


21 


36 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


47 


49 


51 


53 


55 


57 


59 


61 


22 


40 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50 


52 


54 


56 


58 


60 


63 


65 


67 


23 


45 


47 


49 


" 52 


54 


57 


59 


61 


64 


66 


68 


71 


73 


75 


24 


48 


50 


53 


55 


57 


61 


63 


66 


68 


71 


73 


76 


78 


81 


25 


54 


57 


60 


63 


66 


69 


72 


75 


77 


80 


83 


86 


89 


92 


26 


59 


62 


66 


69 


72 


75 


78 


82 


85 


88 


91 


94 


97 


100 


27 


65 


68 


72 


75 


79 


82 


86 


89 


92 


96 


99 


103 


106 


110 


28 




73 


76 


80 


84 


87 


91 


95 


98 


102 


105 


109 


113 


116 


29 


72 


76 


80 


84 


88 


91 


95 


99 


103 


107 


110 


114 


118 


122 


30 


78 


82 


86 


90 


94 


99 


103 


107 


111 


115 


119 


123 


127 


131 


31 


84 


89 


93 


98 


102 


106 


111 


115 


120 


124 


129 


133 


138 


142 


32 


87 


92 


97 


101 


106 


110 


115 


120 


124 


129 


133 


138 


143 


i 147 


33 


93 


98 


103 


108 


113 


118 


122 


127 


132 


137 


142. 


147 


152 


! 157 


34 


95 


100 


105 


110 


115 


I 120 


125 


130 


135 


140 


145 


150 


155 


160 


35 


104 


109 


115 


120 


126 


i 131 


137 


142 


148 


153 


159 


164 


170 


175 


36 


110 


115 


121 


127 


132 


! 138 


144 


150 


156 


161 


167 


173 


179 


185 


37 


122 


129 


135 


142 


148 


154 


161 


167 


174 


180 


187 


193 


199 


206 


38 


127 


! 133 


140 


147 


153 


160 


167 


174 


180 


187 


193 


200 


207 


! 214 


39 


133 


140 


147 


154 


161 


168 


175 


182 


1 189 


196 


203 


210 


217 


224 


40 


143 


150 


158 


166 


173 


181 


188 


196 


203 

1 


211 


218 


226 


233 


241 



42 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE-Continued. 
6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS— Continued. 





Length— feet. 

! 


6 


7 


8 


' 


10 


11 


12 


13 


" 


15 


16 


17 


1 

18 : 


Contents— board feet in tens. 


Ins. 




























41 


48 


56 


64 


72 


79 


87 


95 


103 


111 


119 


127 


135 


143 i 


42 


50 


59 


67 


76 


84 


92 


101 


109 


117 


126 


134 


143 


151 


43 


52 


61 


70 


79 


87 


96 


105 


113 


122 


131 


140 


148 


157 


44 


56 


65 


74 


83 


93 


102 


111 


120 


129 


139 


148 


157 


166 


45 


57 


66 


76 


85 


95 


104 


114 


123 


133 


143 


152 


161 


171 


46 


59 


69 


79 


89 


99 


109 


119 


129 


139 


149 


159 


169 


178 , 


47 


62 


72 


&3 


93 


104 


114 


124 


134 


145 


155 


166 


176 


186 ! 


48 


65 


76 


86 


97 


108 


119 


130 


140 


151 


162 


173 


184 


194 


49 


67 


79 


90 


101 


112 


124 


135 


146 


157 


168 


18t) 


191 


202 


! 50 


70 


82 


94 


105 


117 


129 


140 


152 


164 


175 


187 


199 


211 


1 
51 


73 


85 


97 


110 


122 


134 


146 


158 


170 


183 


195 


207 


219 


. 52 


76 


89 


101 


114 


127 


139 


152 


165 


177 


190 


202 


215 


228 


53 


79 


92 


105 


118 


132 


145 


158 


171 


184 


197 


210 


224 


337 


54 


82 


96 


109 


123 


137 


150 


164 


177 


191 


205 


218 


232 


246 


55 


85 


99 


113 


127 


142 


156 


170 


184 


198 


212 


227 


241 


255 


56 


88 


103 


118 


132 


147 


162 


176 


191 


206 


220 


235 


250 


264 


57 


91 


107 


122 


137 


152 


167 


183 


198 


213 


228 


244 


259 


274 


58 


95 


110 


126 


142 


158 


174 


189 


205 


221 


237 


252 


268 


284 


59 


98 


114 


131 


147 


163 


180 


196 


212 


229 


245 


261 


278 


294 


60 


101 


118 


135 


152 


169 


186 


203 


220 


237 


253 


270 


287 


304 


61 


105 


123 


140 


158 


175 


193 


210 


228 


245 


263 


280 


298 


315 


62 


108 


127 


145 


103 


181 


199 


217 


235 


253 


271 


289 


307 


325 ; 


63 


112 


131 


149 


168 


187 


205 


224 


243 


261 


280 


299 


317 


336 


64 


116 


135 


154 


174 


193 


213 


232 


251 


270 


290 


309 


329 


348 I 


65 


119 


139 


159 


179 


199 


219 


239 


259 


279 


299 


319 


339 


358 


66 


123 


144 


164 


185 


206 


226 


247 


268 


288 


. 309 


329 


350 


370 


67 


127 


148 


170 


191 


212 


233 


254 


275 


297 


318 


339 


360 


381 


68 


131 


153 


175 


197 


219 


240 


262 


284 


306 


328 


350 


371 


393 


69 


135 


158 


180 


203 


226 


248 


271 


294 


316 


339 


361 


384 


406 


70 


139 


163 


186 


209 


232 


256 


279 


302 


325 


349 


372 


395 


419 


71 


144 


167 


192 


215 


240 


263 


287 


311 


335 


359 


383 


407 


430 


72 


148 


173 


197 


222 


247 


271 


296 


321 


345 


370 


395 


419 


444 ! 


73 


152 


178 


203 


329 


254 


280 


305 


330 


356 


381 


400 


432 


457 1 


\ 74 


157 


183 


'209 


236 


261 


288 


314 


340 


366 


393 


418 


445 


471 : 


i 75 


161 


188 


215 


242 


269 


296 


323 


350 


377 


404 


430 


458 


484 


76 


166 


194 


221 


249 


277 


304 


332 


1 360 


387 


415 


443 


470 


498 


77 


171 


199 


228 


256 


285 


313 


341 


369 


398 


I 420 


455 


483 


511 


78 


176 


205 


234 


203 


293 


322 351 


380 


410 


439 


408 


497 


527 


79 


ISO 


1 211 


240 


271 


301 


331 361 


391 


421 


451 


481 


511 


541 


1 80 

1 


185 


216 


247 


278 


309 


340 371 

1 


402 


432 


464 


494 


526 


556 



APPENDIX. 



43 



TABLE 1.— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE— Continued. 
19 to 32 FOOT LOGS— Continued. 



1 


Length— feet. 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


28 27 


28 


29 


30 31 


32 


Contents— board feet in tens. 


Ins. 






























41 


151 


159 


167 


175 


183 


191 


199 


207 


215 


223 


230 


238 


246 


254 


42 


159 


168 


176 


185 


193 


201 


210 


218 


227 


235 


243 


252 


260 


269 


43 


166 


174 


183 


192 


200 


209 


218 


227 


236 


244 


253 


262 


270 


279 


44 


176 


185 


194 


204 


213 


222 


231 


241 


250 


259 


268 


278 


287 


296 


45 


180 


190 


199 


209 


218 


228 


237 


247 


256 


266 


275 


286 


294 


304 


46 


188 


198 


208 


218 


228 


238 


248 


258 


268 


278 


288 


297 


307 


317 


47 


197 


207 


217 


228 


238 


248 


259 


269 


279 


290 


300 


310 


321 


331 


48 


205 


216 


227 


238 


248 


260 


270 


281 


292 


302 


313 


324 


335 


346 


49 


213 


225 


236 


247 


258 


270 


281 


292 


303 


314 


326 


337 


348 


359 


50 


222 


234 


246 


257 


269 


281 


292 


304 


316 


328 


339 


351 


363 


374 


51 


231 


243 


256 


268 


280 


292 


304 


315 


329 


341 


353 


365 


377 


389 


52 


241 


253 


266 


278 


291 


.304 


316 


329 


342 


354 


367 


380 


392 


405 


53 


250 


263 


276 


289 


302 


316 


329 


341 


355 


368 


381 


395 


408 


421 


54 


259 


273 


287 


300 


314 


328 


341 


355 


369 


382 


396 


410 


423 


437 


55 


269 


283 


297 


312 


326 


340 


354 


368 


382 


397 


411 


425 


439 


453 


56 


279 


294 


309 


323 


338 


353 


367 


382 


397 


411 


426 


441 


455 


470 


57 


2S9 


304 


320 


335 


350 


365 


381 


396 


411 


426 


442 


457 


472 


487 


58 


300 


315 


331 


347 


363 


379 


394 


410 


426 


442 


457 


473 


489 


505 


i 59 


310 


327 


343 


359 


376 


392 


408 


425 


441 


457 


474 


490 


506 


523 


60 


321 


338 


355 


372 


389 


406 


422 


439 


456 


473 


490 


507 


524 


541 


61 


332 


350 


368 


385 


403 


420 


438 


455 


473 


490 


508 


525 


543 


560 


62 


344 


362 


380 


398 


416 


434 


452 


470 


488 


506 


524 


542 


.561 


579 


63 


355 


373 


392 


411 


420 


448 


467 


485 


504 


523 


541 


560 


579 


597 


64 


367 


387 


406 


425 


445 


464 


483 


503 


522 


541 


561. 


580 


599 


619 


65 


378 


398 


418 


438 


458 


478 


498 


518 


538 


558 


578 


597 


617 


637 


66 


391 


412 


432 


453 


473 


494 


515 


535 


556 


576 


597 


617 


638 


659 


67 


402 


423 


445 


466 


487 


508 


529 


550 


572 


593 


614 


635 


656 


677 


68 


415 


437 


459 


480 


502 


524 


546 


568 


590 


611 


633 


655 


677 


699 


69 


429 


452 


474 


497 


519 


542 


565 


587 


610 


632 


655 


677 


700 


723 


70 


442 


465 


488 


512 


535 


558 


581 


605 


628 


651 


674 


698 


721 


744 


71 


454 


478 


502 


526 


550 


574 


598 


622 


646 


670 


694 


717 


741 


765 


72 


469 


493 


518 


543 


567 


592 


617 


641 


666 


691 


715 


740 


765 


789 


73 


483 


508 


534 


559 


585 


610 


635 


661 


686 


712 


737 


762 


788 


813 


74 


497 


523 


550 


576 


602 


628 


6^4 


680 


707 


733 


759 


785 


811 


837 


75 


511 


538 


565 


592 


619 


646 


673 


700 


727 


754 


781 


807 


834 


861 


76 


526 


553 


581 


609 


636 


664 


f:92 


719 


747 


1 775 


802 


830 


858 


885 


77 


540 


568 


597 


625 


1 654 


682 


710 


739 


767 


796 


824 


852 


881 


909 


78 


556 


585 


614 


644 


! 673 


702 


731 


761 


790 


1 819 


848 


878 


907 


936 


79 


572 


602 


r32 


66? 


1 692 


799 


752 


782 


812 


842 


872 


902 


933 


963 


80 


587 


618 


649 


680 


711 


742 


773 


804 


835 


866 


897 


927 


958 


989 



44 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



TABLE 1 .— SCRIBNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE— Continued. 
6 TO 18 FOOT LOGS— Continued, 



1 


Length— feet. 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


Contents— board feet in tens. 


Ins. 




























81 


190 


222 


254 


286 


317 


349 


381 


413 


444 


476 


508 


540 


572 


82 


196 


228 


261 


293 


326 


358 


391 


424 


456 


489 


521 


554 


586 


83 


201 


234 


268 


301 


335 


368 


401 


434 


468 


501 


535 


568 


601 


84 


206 


240 


275 


309 


343 


378 


412 


446 


481 


515 


549 


584 


618 


85 


210 


240 


281 


316 


351 


386 


421 


456 


491 


526 


561 


596 


631 


86 


215 


251 


287 


323 


359 


395 


431 


467 


503 


539 


575 


611 


646 


87 


221 


258 


295 


332 


308 


405 


442 


479 


516 


553 


589 


626 


663 


88 


226 


264 


301 


339 


377 


414 


452 


490 


527 


565 


603 


640 


678 


89 


231 


270 


308 


347 


385 


424 


462 


501 


539 


578 


616 


655 


693 


90 


236 


275 


315 


354 


393 


433 


472 


511 


551 


590 


629 


669 


708 


91 


241 


282 


322 


362 


402 


443 


483 


523 


563 


604 


644 


684 


725 


92 


246 


288 


329 


370 


411 


452 


493 


534 


575 


616 


657 


698 


740 


93 


251 


293 


335 


377 


419 


401 


503 


545 


587 


629 


671 


713 


755 


94 


257 


300 


343 


386 


428 


471 


514 


557 


600 


643 


685 


728 


771 


95 


262 


306 


350 


394 


437 


481 




569 


612 


656 


700 


744 


788 


96 


268 


313 


357 


402 


446 


491 


536 


581 


625 


670 


715 


759 


804 


97 


273 


319 


364 


410 


455 


501 


546 


592 


637 


683 


728 


774 


819 


98 


278 


325 


371 


418 


404 


511 


557 


603 


650 


696 


743 


789 


836 


99 


284 


331 


379 


426 


473 


521 


568 


615 


663 


710 


757 


805 


852 


100 


289 


338 


386 


434 


482 


531 


579 


627 


675 


724 


772 


820 


869 


101 


295 


344 


393 


443 


492 


541 


590 


639 


688 


738 


787 


836 


885 


102 


301 


351 


401 


452 


502 


552 


602 


652 


702 


753 


803 


853 


903 


103 


307 


358 


409 


461 


512 


56:3 


614 


665 


716 


768 


819 


870 


921 


104 


313 


365 


417 


470 


522 


574 


626 
638 


678 


730 


783 


835 


887 


939 


105 


319 


372 


425 


479 


532 


585 


691 


744 


798 


851 


904 


957 


106 


325 


379 


433 


48S 


542 


596 


650 


704 


758 


813 


867 


921 


975 


107 


331 


387 


442 


497 


553 


608 


663 


718 


773 


829 


884 


939 


995 I 


108 


337 


394 


450 


506 


563 


619 


675 


731 


788 


844 


900 


956 


1,013 


! 109 


344 


401 


459 


516 


573 


631 


6S8 


745 


803 


860 


917 


975 


1,032 


110 


350 


408 


467 


525 


583 


642 


700 


758 


817 


875 


933 


992 


1,050 


111 


356 


416 


475 


535 


594 


654 


713 


772 


832 


891 


951 


1,010 


1,070 


112 


362 


423 


483 


544 


• 604 


665 


725 


785 


846 


906 


967 


1,027 


1,088 


113 


369 


431 


492 


55.^ 


615 


677 


738 


800 


861 


923 


984 


1,046 


1,107 


114 


375 


438 


501 


563 


626 


68S 


751 


814 


876 


939 


1,001 


1.064 


1,127 


115 


382 


446 


509 


573 


037 


70C 


764 


828 


891 


955 


1.019 


1,082 


1,146 


116 


38fl 


454 


519 


58^ 


648 


713 


778 


843 


908 


973 


1,037 


1.102 


1,167 


117 


39e 


462 


528 


59-! 


660 


72e 


792 


858 


924 


990 


1,056 


1,122 


1,188 


118 


403 


470 


537 


60S 


672 


733 


806 


873 


940 


1,008 


1,075 


1,142 


1,209 


119 


41C 


47S 


547 


61c 


683 


752 


820 


888 


957 


.1,025 


1,093 


1,162 


1,230 


120 


417 


487 


556 


621 

1 


695 


76c 


834 


904 


973 


1,043 


1,112 


1,182 


1,251 



APPENDIX. 



45 



TABLE 1.— SCRroNER DECIMAL C LOG RULE— Continued. 
19 TO 32 FOOT LOGS— Continued. 



p 


Length — feet. 


19 


20 


21 


22 


23 


24 


25 


. 


27 


28 


29 


30 


31 


32 


Contents— board feet in tens. 


Ins. 






























81 


603 


635 


667 


699 


730 


762 


794 


826 


857 
880 


889 


• 921 


953 


984 


1,016 


82 


619 


652 


684 




749 


782 


815 


847 


912 


945 


977 


1,010 


1,043 


83 


635 


668 


702 


73.5 


7C9 


802 


835 


869 


902 


936 


969 


1,002 


1,036 


1,069 


84 


652 


687 


721 


755 


790 


824 


858 


893 


927 


961 


996 


1,030 


1,064 


1,099 


85 


667 


702 


737 


772 


807 


842 


877 


912 


947 


982 


1,017 


1,052 


1,088 


1,123 


86 


682 


718 


754 


790 


82() 


8()2 


898 


934 


970 


1,006 


1,042 


1,077 


1,113 


1.149 


87 


700 


737 


774 


810 


847 


884 


921 


958 


995 


1,031 


1,0()8 


1,105 


1,142 


1.179 


88 


716 


753 


791 


829 


866 


904 


942 


979 


1,017 


1,0.55 


1,092 


1,130 


1,1(38 


1.205 


89 


732 


770 


809 


847 


886 


924 


963 


1,001 


1,040 


1,078 


1,117 


1,155 


1,194 


1.232 


90 


747 


787 


826 


865 


905 


944 


983 


1,023 


1,062 


1,101 


1,141 


1,180 


1,219 


1,259 


91 


765 


805 


845 


886 


926 


966 


1,006 


1,047 


1.087 


1,127 


1,107 


1,208 


1,248 


1,288 


92 


781 


822 


863 


904 


94.- 


981, 


1,027 


1,068 


1,109 


1,1-50 


1,191 


1,233 


1,274 


1,315 


93 


796 


83S 


880 


922 


964 


1,006 


1,048 


1,090 


1,132 


1,174 


1.216 


1,258 


1,299 


1,341 


94 


814 


857 


9)0 


942 


985 


1,028 


1,071 


1,114 


l,m 


1,199 


1,242 


1,285 


1,328 


1,371 


95 


831 


875 


919 


9<:.3 


1,00(> 


1,050 


1,094 


1,138 


1,181 


1.225 


1,269 


1,313 


1,3-56 


1,400 


9(i 


849 


893 


938 


98.3 


1,027 


1.072 


1,117 


1,161 


1,206 


1,251 


1,295 


1,340 


1,385 


1,429 


97 


865 


910 


956 


1,001 


1,047 


1.092 


1,1.38 


1,183 


1,229 


1,274 


1,320 


1,305 


1,411 


1,456 


98 


882 


928 


975 


1.021 


1.0(;8 


1,114 


1,160 


1,207 


1,253 


1,300 


1,346 


1.392 


1,439 


1.485 


99 


899 


947 


994 


1,041 


1.089 


1.1.36 


1,183 


1,231 


1,278 


1.325 


1.373 


1,420 


1,467 


1,515 


100 


917 


965 


1,013 


1,062 


1,110 


1,158 


1,206 


1,2.55 


1,303 


1,351 


1,399 


1,448 


1,496 


1,.544 


101 


934 


9&3 


1,033 


1,082 


1,131 


1,180 


1,229 


1,278 


1,328 


1,377 


1,426 


1,475 


1,524 


1,573 


102 


953 


1,003 


1,0,54 


1,10-; 


1.154 


1,204 


1,254 


1,304 


1,355 


1,405 


1,455 


1,505 


1,5.55 


1,605 


103 


972 


1,023 


1.075 


1,12< 


1,177 


1,228 


1,279 


1,330 


1,382 


1,433 


1,484 


1,535 


1,586 


1,637 


104 


991 


1,043 


1.096 


1,148 


1.200 


1,2.52 


1,304 


1,356 


1,409 


1,461 


1,513 


1,5&5 


1,617 


1,669 


105 


1,010 


1,063 


1,117 


1,170 


1 , 223 


1,276 


1,329 


1,382 


1,436 


1,489 


1,542 


1,595 


1,648 


1,701 


10(; 


1,029 


1,083 


1,138 


1,192 


1.246 




1,354 


1,408 


1,463 


1,517 


1.571 


1,625 


1,679 


1,733 


107 


1,050 


1,105 


1,160 


1.21( 


1.271 


i;326 


1,381 


1,437 


1,492 


1,547 


1.602 


1,658 


1,713 


1,768 


lOS 


1.069 


1,125 


1,181 


1,2.38 


1.294 


1,3.50 


1,406 


1,463 


1,519 


1,575 


1,631 


1.688 


1,744 


1,800 


109 


1,089 


1,147 


1,204 


1,261 


1.319 


1.376 


1,4.33 


1,491 


1,548 


1,605 


1.663 


1,720 


1,777 


1,835 


110 


1,108 


1,167 


1,225 


1,283 


1,-342 


1,400 


1,458 


1,517 


1,575 


1,633 


1,692 


1,750 


1,808 


1,867 


111 


1,129 


1.188 


1,248 


1.307 


1..367 


1,426 


1,485 


1,-545 


1,604 


1,664 


1,723 


1,783 


1,842 


1,901 


112 


1,148 


1,208 


1,269 


1.329 


1.390 


1,4.50 


1,510 


1,571 


1 , 631 


1,692 


1.7-52 


1,813 


1,873 


1,933 


113 


1,169 


1,230 


1,292 


1,3,53 


1.415 


1.476 


1,.5.3S 


1,599 


1,6(1 


1,722 


1.784 


1.845 


1,907 


1,968 


114 


1,189 


1,252 


L31^ 


1.377 


1,4.X9 


1 . 502 


1 , 565 


1,627 


1,690 


1,7.52 


1.815 


1.878 


1.940 


2.003 


115 


1.210 


1,273 


1,337 


1,401 


1,464 


1,528 


1,592 


1,655 


1,719 


1.783 


1,846 


1,910 


1,974 


2.037 


116 


1,232 


1,297 


1.362 


1,42( 


1.491 


1..5.5f; 


1.621 


l,68t. 


1,7.51 


1.815 


1,880 


1.945 


2.010 


2.075 


117 


1,254 


1,320 


1.386 


1.4,52 


1,518 


1,584 


1,650 


1,710 


1,782 


1.848 


1.914 


1,980 


2,046 


2.112 


118 


1,276 


1,343 


1,411 


1,478 


1,545 


1.612 


1,679 


1,746 


1.814 


1.881 


1.948 


2.015 


2.082 


2,149 


119 


1,298 


1,367 


1,435 


1,503 


1,572 


1,640 


1,708 


1,777 


1,845 


1,913 


1,982 


2,0-50 


2,118 


2,187 


120 


1,321 


1,390 


1,460 


1,529 


1,599 


1,068 


1,738 


1,807 


1,877 


1,946 


2,016 


2,085 


2,155 


2,224 



46 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



! 

.2 

6X3 

s 


^ 


1 

'S 

1 

1 


.-IC<l(NCOCO 


CO CO -^ -^ lO <© CD t^ 


■*iOCOl^«3050SO.-l 


CO 


^e^(MiMCO 


<MCO-<l<-<l<U5COcOt- 


TlHU5«t^t^00<35O^ 


g 


>-((MC^<MCO 


(N CO ■«< ■* lO >0 O t^ 


-<l<iOOcOt^OOOiOO 


^ 


y-iC^COC-iCC 


(NCOCOTTiOiOCOO 


Trioiccoi>ooCT>a5 


^ 


.-Hr-l(NC^CO 


CS|COCOM<Tl<if3COO 


■^•^lOCOl^t^OOOlO 


^ 


r-l.-l(M(NCO 


C^C0eOT»<T}iU5iocD 


■<*<rt<iotOi©t^00O5Oi 


n 


'H.-HC^C^IM 


(Neoco-*'*ir5>0<» 


cOTt<io50coi^ooooo> 


^ 


r-H --I <M (N (M 


<NC>JC0-»tTt<-^U5O 


coTTioiocDt-t^ooai 


^ 


»-l^(N (NIM 


(M(NCOCO-*-*<OiO 


co-tr-^iocoot^oooo 


^ 


^.H (N(N(N 


(M(NCOCO'5t<-«*<U5lO 


eOTjtrriCCDcDt^t^OO 


^ 


^^^(MIN 


(N(MCOCO'^Tj<T>iic 


C0rt<TM0iO«5Ot^00 


c5 


^rH^<NC^ 


C<l<NCOCOCO-<*<T»<io 


coco-*Trif5coot^t> 


S 


r-lt-<-H (M(M 


(M(M(NCOCO-»l<'*'* 


COCO-*<rfio»ocOcDt- 


Oi 


i-H r-l rH (M C^ 


(MC^(NCOCOCO-*-* 


coco-<i"*iC"50<»r^ 


s 


": 

d^^-^. 


.-1 (N (M eO CO CO rt< Tjt 


(MCOCO-V<9<»OiCCOCO 


t- 


d'H,-l,-H(N 


--<<N(MC^COCO^?-<*< 


(NCOCOTfiTflOlOlOCO 


2 


drH,-l^,-l 


.-KMINIMCOCOCO-.* 


Mcocoeo->»<-*-oiocD 


lO 


Oi-l.-l.-H.-l 


.-l(NC<I(M(MCOCOCO 


(N(NCOCO-<»'-<1<"<l<u5iO 


-^ 




.-lr-l<M(M(MCOCOCO 


<N(NCOCOCO'*'*'^iO 


CO 


d 'r-frHr-l 


.-i-HC^(M(N(NCOCO 


C-KNiNCOCOCO-^-^O 


(M 


IOU5 

d 'rHrHT-l 


»-i^.-i(N(N(N(NCO 


(N(N(NCOCOCO-<*<'*<TJ< 


;5 


d • -^^ 


..-l^.-((M(N(M(M(N 


.-KM (N (N CO CO CO -r Tj« 


o 


d • -rHrH 


^,_lr-(.-HC<)(NC<)<N 


.-H(M(N(M<MCOCOCOeO 


C5 


d • • -^ 


' ^ y-< y-i ^ C<t CO C<1 


rH.-l<N(N(M(NCOCOCO 


00 


o • • • • 


■ ^ rt ,_(.-( tH (M M 


.-l.-l.-l(N(N(NIMeOCO 


- 


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■ .-1 .-1 .-1 ^ .-l(N 


.-i.-l.-(.-i(N(N(N(N(N 


to 


Id ' * ■ 


»o»oio 






^^^rt^CSl(M(M<N 


lO 


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; jd ■ ■ 


lOiOiOiOiCiO 


10 10>0 








geo-«i»odi>.' 


■<«i lo d t'l 00 d d .-< 

CO 


»c d t^' 00* d d .-I N CO 

>< 



APPENDIX. 47 

«t-»0^c.corh;cor^ o> O C;! « ;2: ^ l:^ 2 S g ?^ g5 S S ^ ?5 2 2 t2S2S?5?3 SSS5?5^ 

;0 t>. 00 03 O --H (M CO Tf lO 50 00 O -^ (M CO -^ CO I 



or^t-oooso-jcjco^o <»o>o-^^coo2t^oo2«;5=^^^ 22 2;^ SJ:^ 2 § ?^ g^ ^ o5S 

ioot-ooo5o-Hojco;2;;2; °°^^2^^^^"32"S22^ ^"^^ 2^;2;^SS22§?5c5^S 

o<»t^oooico-Hc^co^ i^oo^o-|C;i;*2S^S2S?5c^c5 2;I12^22S^S2?5c^?j^ 



lo «o t^ 00 00 05 o -H (M (M CO t^ °0'=^2^S2^122l^2S Sc5c^ '^222^21122222^?^ ?ie3 



) C". O O -^ (N CO 



iOiO«Ot^0000O:C^C-^(N cot^ooa5Cr-iCMco-^iO'-Or--t^oo<SiO <'^2^'^22I221h5SSc5 
><»tiOOI^t^0003CO-^(N tDt^OOCJlO— i-^'MCO-^iO^t^OOOOOS GOOiO'-nfMCO'TiOCOt-^ 22 S M 



•*»0<0<Ct^0000050C: —I ON.OOOOCiO^'MCOCO-W'iC'-CI^OCOO OO'^iC^HC^CO^;^^^;^^^^ 
TtiiQiOCOt^t^OOOiOJO— ' O Or^ 00 Oi CO^-MCOT-n'iOOt-.OO t^00OC--<MC0;5'iC'^r--^2 



Tt<-<*iioo^t^aoooa:03 loot^oooooiC;— i — 'Mco-^^J^'^S^ 



00O5C— 'C^lC-^CO-^iOOt^OO 



Tt< r»l lO lO O t" t^ 00 00 05 O iC to «3 t^ 00 05 a> O -H C^ !N CO -^ -^ lO 50 *^ °o °o ^^2 ^ 2 2 S 2- 12 2 ^ 

eo ■* m "O cc i;c 1^ t- 00 00 oi lo lo to t^ t~ oo oi o o >-' c<i c^ co ■* ■'f lo ot^oooo o^-i^coeo^io J2 

to TJ" •^ U5 iC to to t— t^ 00 Oi Tf lO to O r^ 00 00 Ol O O -^ (N <N CO CO -^ CO t^ t^ 00 03 O O 'i^ OJ CO CO ^ "3 

CO ■^ ■* ■^ »C to to to ^- 00 00 Tf lO lO to b- 1^ 00 00 05 O O !-< '— I <N CO CO <o tO b- 00 00 05 O O -^ C^ CO CO ^ 

CO CO Tjt ■* lO lO to to l-» t- t^ Tt< -^ lO to to r^ b- 00 00 05 O O "-^ — ' !^ C^ 1/5 to b- f~- 00 00 05 O O -H C^ PJ CO 

CO CO CO •^ f »0 »0 to O to t^ ■'»< ■* <0 >0 to to t^ IV OO 00 05 Ol O O I— ( I— I lO iC to t^ t^ 00 OO C5 O O -^ Cfl c^ 

(N CO CO ■* ■* -^ lO "5 to to O CO T»( Tf lO lO to to t^ t^ 00 00 0> 05 O O ^ Tt< lO to to X-- t^ 00 00 £35 O O ^H ^ 

C<ICOCOCO'<*'-^'>t<iO'OtOtO CO-^'<*<-^iOiOtOtOt^t^t--0000010lO -^iCiOtOtOt^t^OOOOOJOlOO 

C^ C^ CO CO CO •<*< -^ ■* lO ifS lO CO CO •*! Tf •>* lO O to to to b- t^ 00 OO 00 05 ■^ rP lO iC to to t^ b- l^ 00 CO 05 0> 



M <M C<J CO CO CO ■^ -^ Tf Tji if5 CO CO CO ■<*<■*■* »0 "? "O to to to t> l^ 00 00 CO Tt< Tf UO lO lO to to f~ t^ 00 OO 00 

M O? C<) C^ CO CO CO CO -^ •^ ■^ C^ CO CO CO ■* ■^ ■* Tti ic lO »0 to to to t- t> CO CO •* •^ ■* lO lO to to to t^ t^ b- 

rH «M <M (N C^ CO CO CO CO ■* -^ Cq (M CO CO CO CO Tj< Tji rl< -^ lo kO "5 to to to CO CO CO -^ -^ •* lO »0 "5 CO tO tO t^ 

■-I'-ic^iNCiiMCqcocococo cvie>i(N(Ncocoeoeo-*-*'<«'-*iO'0«5io (NCoeoeoeO'^Tt*'*'«j*io»0"3eo 

»-i.-(i-(M(NC<ie<l<N(NC<|CO T-<(N(M(NMS<ICOCOC0C0CO-^-^'-^-«ti-«*' (N(MINeOCOCOCO'*'*TtiT}ii*<iO 



r-HTH^^^.-i(M(NC<lC^qC<l i-HrHi-KMOliMO-JIMMCOeOCOCOCOCOTf T-I(M(NC<)INC<1COCOCOCOCO'^'* 
to t^ 00 0> O •— I Cq CO TTic «3 l^ 00 05 O <— I C<l CO TTi lO to t^ 00 05 O '— I C^ OO OS O »-i C^ CO t»< lO to b- OO OS o 



48 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 






eo^3ooco y-i'^'-^ 01 c-i •>*<>* c<><^ conn ccmec^ ^4^^^^ id 



(Ncoccec ,-i,-H,-i, 






(NCOC0P5 i-H. 



' ® t^ oi o c^ 
I e<5 eo CO -^ Tj> 

r-^^ t>. C5 o 

! CO CO CO CO Tf 



CO lt3 «C 



'OiOCMCOlO-^t^OO(MCO 

iCJCococococococoTt<Tr'<*i 



IIMCMC^CMCOCOCOCOl 



f CO -^ < 
I <M (N ( 



C^ IN <M (N 

"w CO ■^ in' - . . 

(N(N(N!N rH,-H--l,-l, 



IO)(M!NCOCOCOCOC»5 



O— i(MC0iO«t^CCCiO'-<CM-^lC:Ct^0CO;O^(N->*i 
,_l,-(T-,--<^,-(,-H,-I^CMiM(M(MCM<M(NlN(MCOCOCOeO 



o^(Nco-^ic!Ct^ooroc^jicoLot05^coo50^c2 

05 C — I (N CO^'io CC F^ 



(N!NC>JO(N<N(M(MCOCOCO 

O^C<ICO-^lOCOt--OC050 



iC-4lM(M(MiMCa(NCQiM<M< 



lO Oi O •-I !M OJ CO Tf 10 CC t^ 00 O O ' 
ICI rt rt rt rt rt ,_|^rt ^^rt C^,( 



t^t^OCOS 00O5O— i(NCO-*«CiO«Ot^< 



otor^oo 00 o> 05 o rH c<i CO Tf lo ■ 



t^OOOSOO^(NCOTt<Tt<ioeOt^OOOOO>C^!M(MCO-^ 

._irtrt,-i^.-(,-ir-i,-H,-Hr-i,-(^(Mc^c^e^ese<i 



r^r~oo05CC»-<(Mcocorfio< 



COCO-^O ;Ot>.00000>OC^(N01CO-«*>iOiO'»l^t^OOa>05< 



(N (M CO CO CO O t^ 00 00 01 C O i-H IM <N CO CO TP U5 »C 50 t~ t^ 00 CSS OS 



i-(^C<l(M l0O«t^00000i05O'-^'-i<MC^fCC0Tt<ic»C«COt^00 



OO1-H.-1 »0'0;0«Ot^t^00050500^^C<l(NeOCO-*-*'u;iO«> 



oscftoo •'J' to 10 » o t^ t^ ( 



)0500^^IMC^l<MCOrO'^Tti 



00 00 05 05 ■^ Tf U5 10 O O Ot^- t-» 00 00 C5 05 05 O O "-t i-l M M C^ CO 



t^t>.0000 CO ■* ■* "* »0 "5 5D O ?D t>- t^ t~~ 00 00 05 05 05 C O O >— I T— I 

CO to to i^ eoco'^-^-^'»<ioio>ocococot^t^t^ooooooo505050 



10 »0 «5 O 01 CO CO CO CO ■* -^ '* iC "5 »0 >0 CO to to CO t^ O- t~- t:^ 00 00 
•<*<■*•* -^ C<><N<NCOC0C0COC0'*-*'^-^'^«O»O«O'OtOCDCOCOCO 



J« 



050i-i(NCO'^»CCOl--l 



lO'-'0JC0'^lCC0t^0C05< 



APPENDIX. 49 

Oli-teCiOb-Oi-IMiflCDOOOMTtfCDOOOlN-^OOO fOcOOOOiM-*cOOOi-icOiOt^O>'-<CO>0000(N'^ 
OlOM'^COOOOINPOiOt^OS'-lfOlOOOOO C>» Tt< CO eO»OI-0>'-iCO>Or-05'-HC<5iOOOC2»J'<*<COOOC5C« 



I <M c^ c<» CO <M iM CO CO eo eo CO Tt< Ti< Tti Tj( ^ ■>«( icio "b im (N 



I CO CO CO CO CO "^ ^ '^ ■ 



'-l--l(N(MCvqc^lMeOCOCOCOCOCO'*T}(^,j<^^lOlO <M(M(N(N!MCOCOCOCOCO-<tl^^^-5<>OloSloS 



r-4i-((N(MOJC5(MC^COCOCOCOCOeO-<*lT^T}<- 



.-Hi-li-l(NC-5(N(N<M(NCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^-*T»<^^ ^(M(Nc!j(MCSl<NeOCOCOeOeO-*TjHnHTj<Tt<'*iOiO 

■ oooMeoior^ooo cTco lO !>• oo o 



>O(MC0 
(CO IM (M 



cscocseocooocococo-<j<-<*<-<»<- 



> t^ 05 O CM CO 



004CO 0005'-HCO-*cOr^050CO"tt<iOt-OOOCOCOlOCOOO 
T*<TliTl< .-I .-H CI CM CO CS CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO Tf ^ T}< Tt< ^ -51 



1-H CO CO CO CO C-1 < 



.-iT-iT-(r-(i-Hcococ>icococ~icocoeococococoeoco-* t-ii-h. 



COTfilOCOOOCJO'-HCOTttioCOCCOJOCOCOTtllOt^OO lOl-^OOOrHCOTflOt^OOOSrHCOTtiiCOC 
T-l.-li-l.-Hi-HT-(COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOfOCO '-l^r-ICOC0C0C0C0C0C0C0COCOCOeOCO( 



cocococococococoeocococo< 



I iO«> (30 05 O 



ICOCOTtUOOf-OOOS'-ICOC 
l,-HrH>-4,-lt-lTH^r-ICOC0< 



C30050COCOTtiOt^00030COCOTtllOI 

rHr-icocoeoc'icococococococococO! 

> ■* lOCOt^OOCiOi— ICO CO-^«Or-OOC50COCO'*llC«500050'-HCO'<J<l 
I CO CO CO CO CO CO CO eO CO i-* r-l .-l tH i-h t-I CO CO CO C<J CO CO CO co co co co co < 



Or-icoeoTt<iocot^ooo50-HCOco-<}< 

■•-(i-lrHi-HT-lrtrHl-lT-lT-ICNlCOCOCOCO 



CO CO CO CO CO CO 



Oi-HCOCOCOTt<lf5COr-00050'-ICOCOTj<iOCOt^OOOa COCO-^iCCOt^OOOOrH 
rH i-H T-H tH — ^ >-t ,-1 i-H 1-1 t-H T-H CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO tH t-H rH i-H T-H 



cocococoeocococococol 



O5p^co?o;5;;5;»o«ot^ogo5g^cococoxt;o«5t:^ .-hcoco-^'Ococ^oooO'^cocotji 



CO CO CO cot 



oooiO'-HcococOTfiotot^oooooio 



s?5g3S5^^s S;^s^s;2;ssi:;2sac^?5g^?5S^S! 



oooioso'-'eococo-^ioocot^oooi 



ooi-Hc^icoco oO'-icoco-'tiiococot^ooasOi-icococo-^iQco 

CO CO CO CO CO CO r-H .-I T-H r-l T-( — I .-I T-< i-H T-l T-( rH CO C<« CO CO CO CO C<t CO 



r^c<oaiC350'-<cocoeo-*-<j<iooi^t^oooCT>o<-ico OiOO'-icoco-^-^iocoi^oooooo.-icoeo 



CO OiOO'-Hcoco-*-*i050i^ooooo50.-HCoeoeo^ 



r^t-oooJOiO'-iT-icococo-^iOioiccDr-oooooso c»CiOOi-Heoeqeo-*»o«3«oir-ooooCT>Oi 



«ot^t^ooooosoO'-ir-(coeocOTtiTtno50?or~t^oo t^QOOs050'-ii-icococo'<*i»o»ci«ot^t^ooo5< 



iOOOt^ooooo50JOOrHT-HCoeoco'*i'*"3»ocoo t^t>.ooooo>ooTH^cococoTti-^ioo!£>t^t^oo 

>oo«o«t^t^ooooa50500i-ii-icococococo'*-<«' »«t--r»ooo50500t-i,-^coeococo-*Tj<ioioo 

^to »o«o«D«t^t^oooooooc5soooi-H'-ieoeoeo iocD50r^t^t^ooooa>0500i-H'—(cocococo-*Tt< 

^Tr-*»oio»oco««t^t»oocx5ooo»ojo»ooo'-i ^«oici;D50ot^t^QOooooa>05000'-n-iCOco 

eoeo->»<-^'V^io»otocoeo;oi>-t^r-oooooooooia> ■^■^•"itiiOOiococDtDr-t^i^ooooooosoOioO 

c<eoeocoe<3'^'^'^Tttus«o"5»oto;ci!05C>cot>-r-t^ coeoeO'»'-*-*»o»oio»ocDcc>to;ct^r-«>'i-^oo<» 






63746—15 8 



50 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



1 
X 

1 

s 


CO 


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1 

1 

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g5^«5;^,^5:3 


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^^s^^^^^^^^sstsssssss 


(N lO I- O <M o r^ O 

COCOCOT»<-<tc-5j<-*lO 


u 


SSJSS?i?S§^5^^i3SS5ggS§ 


T-H ■* CO 00 —< CO «o 00 
cocoeoco-<<<^-«l'-# 


^ 


oooo!MT»<coaooco>ct-a3— icoiot-^oc^-* 

(MC^COCOCOCOCOT'r-*-<f^lCiOiOlOOOCD 


^^5??^^5J^^ 


^ 


ic 1- o — CO 'O 1- 05 --< CO >o t^ Ci ^ CO lo r- o c^ 
eac^CMcococococOTti-r-^^-ji^riOioiCLCOco 


O3rHTl<C000OC0lO 
CMCOCOCOCOV-*-*' 


^ 


^^?5^??^^^§S^^^^S:};s?SSS 


CO o ^^ lO t- o <-( CO 

CMCOCOCOCOCO^"* 


^ 


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S^SJ^I?^5^§^ 


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ssgj;^??^^?? 


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g?S^SI:^^g5^.^^-^^5^'5^iJ?3 


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2S?5^S^§5S?:?^i§f^^§^5^^^ 


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s 


t-l(Me^e<»eS(M(M(MCOCOCCCOCOCO-r^Tj<TtirrTl< 


?^?a^ss^g?^ 


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»-li— IC^C^CM(MC^(MC^5COC3COCOCOCO^TtiT3H-^ 


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r- 00 o r^ oi Ti- lo o 00 Oi — 1 (M c-:) o o GC 05 o oa 

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t- 


SSl:;2^?J?3^^^^-S^?3g?;?J?^K 


SSSgJg^S^^ 


5 


S:2S2SS?5?5?5^^'c^?5§J«?:^S?55^ 


^2Sg5?5?4S^ 


^-22SS§?JSgi^S^g5^^?5^S? 


2^SS8g3§5^ 


•* 


SS;2;ssj::2S§^^g3g5^^^S555g5^S 


iqSJ:;2Sgc^g5 


CO 


-S2^S2i:52Sgc^g^g5c5^S&j85§i 


:r,^^^^^^r. 


eq 


ii=:£:i2;2:SSJ:;S2Sg?3?JS5SSgS 


(NCO-fiCtOtl-OOO 




S 


22;:^22SSSSJ^SSSS^g3§igS^ 


T-I(M CO -* »0 <0 t- 00 


o 


000>-iCM(NCO-*iOlOOt-0000050'-^^<N 


0-H<NCOT><r(<iO-J3 


^^^ ^^^^^^^^ rHC^<NC^(N 




o 


OOOJ050'-i^<MCOM^iO>OOy3t^0000030 


05 O ^ <M (M CO Tti ■* 






00 


C^OOOOG5050i-l^(M(NCOCO-*iOlOO«>l-CO 


ooc500t-i(M(mco 






t- 


COt^t-OOOOOiCTiOO 1-iT-i (M <M coco Tt< TJH lO lo 


t^ 00 00 Oi O O T-H rH 


«D 


■' i«tDtOt-£-t-0000 05000^-H^<MCsicOCC 


OJ-t-ooooooio 






iO 


■*U5i0OtOCOl>t^t^0000000505OOO.-Hi-H 


ic o o <o tx t^ 00 00 


■<f 


^ T»i-Tf r^ iO ^ iO O «3 «) <0 t- t- t- 00 00 00 O Ci 


T,<^.0 0-^0«>« 










CO ■* u5 «o' t>^ 00 o> o 



APPENDIX. 5 1 



I in u's »o to CO to 50 1>- !>• 



It— O u-JOOOC-OiOOCOCOlCOOC 

itot— cocCTj<^Tf-<t>iciOinioc 



t^05<>i-^cooooco>or- -ftoaa^TftDos^cccoaO'-ioo'-cc 
TtiTfiO'omiotototoco rococo-^-*'^-^'0'0'Oio<fflcococ 



«300OIM-^CO00C00iO c'3iOt^O<M'<*'t— OS"— i-^tOQO— 'COtOODO 



I to »0 lO to c 



•* to 00 O C^l ■* to OC O (N 



o>oio»cirftctb cocococc-^^-^-^'O'bioioiototdtoto 



■IM-<*itOOOOC4-^tDOOO O<MlOt-aii-Hr0t000O( 
■^ -TjH Tf -^ lO lO lO lO to t~ ■■ -....— . 



lOfMrfOOO CTS'-Hfomt— OfN^tOOOOCM-^tOOCOO'l TtltOOOOfOtOt-C5(M-^! 



toicirtifsio eocccococo-^Tti'Ti'f'^ioioio 






I- OC O CJ rt< iC 



icr-a50(M-*tot-C30Ci-*io 



05 O --H CO -t< iC t— OC- Oi ^ 1-H C-1 -^r i-O t^ 00 03 ^ C^ -f 'O I- 00 O T-l CO ^ -^ti iC I- oj o c-i co tc to c 

!M r: CO CO fo fo CO CO r" -" -, ~ ,«,«-, ~, ~, ^ ^ _„ ^ _.. ~, ^, «, ^, ^ — 



t— 00 Oi — ' CM CO to t 



l(N(M<MCOeOCOCOCOCOCO^ 



tOtOOOOiOT 



icoeococococoeoco (N (N,( 



Tti lO to t— 00 05 O --H CI -^ I— 00 05 T-H C-^ CO Tf '" I - 00 Oi O Cvl CO -*■ I 
(MO^IMCSIMCICOCOCOCO i-li-lrH(M(N(MC<)C-l(NOJ(MCOCOfOCO( 



ii-<(M'*iOtOI— 050'— lCO-<ftC 
l(MC^(N(M(N(M<NCOCOCOCOCO 



IC-)CM(N(MC^C^COC0COCO ^^CM(N(M(M(MCM<MOacOeOCO 






' >— I --H CS CO -^ lO 
(NCS(N<NCM <N 



SSS;2;i2SSi::;S2gg?5SE5§5 22;:3;SSi::;222^?^?',?5 



COrf<iOiOtOt^t--OOaJCT> O O -^ (N (NCO'fOiCtOr-t-OOOJOiOi-i .-H CM CO CO ■* iSlotO I- 00 OS d^o 
^H >— I 1-H 1—1 1— I <-4 i-H 1— I 1-H 1— I T— I T-l i-H 1-* 1— I T-H T— ( 1— I i-H T— I T-l T-l 1— I rH I— I (N C<l i— I rH rH ,— I ,— I i— I rH t-H .— ( t— I i-H »-* CM 

cMCMcocoTftoiototoi-- ooc500'-i(NC<icocO'<*i«»ctotoi^oooo oo<-<cMCMeO'<*-^iototot-oo 



0.-<i-l(NeM<NCOCO-*-^ t--OOOOCiOSOO'TH'-lC^CSCOT}H^lOLOtO ODOlOO'-l'-IC^CMCOeO-^lOtO 

oooia5000»-ii-iCMCM totot-i>-ooooo5030oO'-H>-^cMCM co"co t^t^-ccooososoo^'-ieMc^ico 

r>.t:— t— OOOOOOOS05C50 lOiCtOtOtOt— t-£>OOCOOOOiOiOiOOO tOtOCOt^t— 1>-O00005050i00 



?5?^§5^S^S5?5Sg 3SS^2Sg?5g^S5^S8^85S§ J2Si:;SSSSSS5^^^S5 



52 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



00— I -!< 
t^ X X 



lOiOiOLOOcOCOt^t^-t-OOOOOOCJSl lOcOOCDOt^r^t"- 

' 00 1-H -q* t~ o ■'jn^- 

) »0 CO O CO t^ t- l> 



lb?i 



t^ O <N lO tX> — I 



J> t^ 00 0000 5? 



O C5 IM lO 00 ^H TJ« 
lO O O to O t^ Ir^ 



ec«o 00 looo c 



00 C CO «0 C5 CJ 
•^ U5 lO lO »0 o 



cOOt^t^J~-t^OOOO lOiOirj 



50 CO «0« 



i-H CO CO CO CO C; 



rti-*-*lO>0»-0>OcOCO 



oooc 
CO r-i 



I lOOO O CO CO( 
) iC lO CO CO CO < 



OOOCO (Nr}'r-C5(N>0t-OiMi000OC0'000 
COt^t^ •<*i -^ -^ Tj< lO lO lO CO CO CO CO t^ t^ t^ t^ 



t^OCOlOOOrH-^t^ 
^< to iO ^O to CO CO CO 



I O O IC CO O CO c 



iO00i-ICOCOC--^-<9' 
Tj< Tj< u'S lO lO >0 CO CO 



) CO CO CO t~ I 



■ O »0 'O lO CO 



; lO CO CO CO CO CO 



Tji -^r -v^ O >0 ' 



O (M lO t^ O (M ■ 



irj lO L.O CO CC CO - 



COOCO(M^COOOO<M«OI>-Sr3^C 



I lO lO lO iC CO c 



I o CO lO r^ cr. (M • 



1^§ 



I lO lO O lO lO CO 



CO CO C'': CO CO ■ 



-^ TP "S^ -^ lO 1 



<N CO CO CO CO CO ^ - 



COOO IVOi^lM-^cOt^O'-ilMTrcOOOCSi-H 
•>!<■■*< C<1 (N CO CO CO CO CO CO ■*■ -^ TT -^ ■^ Tr lO 



Tl< Tj< Tfl <N IM (M CO CO CO CO 00 CO ■ 



^p 



-^ -qi CO 00 C5 1 



^^1 



_., t^ 35 O IM 'S' "3 t^ 00 

TP Tf rjt ■<*< (M (M CO CO CO CO CO CO 



ICOiOcOt^OO^IM-^LOCDOOCn ■>SiL'5CO00Ja»-IC 
I :vi !M (M (M (M CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO e<l W (N O^ (N CO 5 



00(MeO"T»OCOOOC50^(M-^OCO (NCO 
i-i(MC<l(NC<l(Mr^!N(NCOCOCOCOC0CO (M(N 



M (M C-) (N <M CO 



2Sa?3?^§5^S^§§Nj 



'cO (MC 



1^ Si^2SS53g5g5^^SS5?§§J^ SSSc3?^g5^^ 



•^iCCOJ^00S5Oi-i<N(Mc0-S"iOcOr^ 



1 t^OO CiO^C^ 
I -H .-H tH (M (M <N 



?5 



i(MC^ CO-^-^lOCOt^OCOOCSO— tC^lMCO-^ 



ITS lO CO t>- 00 C5 



gg 



)OJO i-H iM CO CO -^ lO lO CO t^ 00 00 O O O T-H 

I rH C^ 1— I ^H T— I .— I 1— I .— I .— ( r-( i-H T-( 1-1 I-H C^ (N e<l 



) CO •^ »C CO CO t^ 00 



cocot^ ooi-ii— •NcoeO'^'^'Ococot^t^oo i-ic<JC<>coco'V'Oic 



IOOOOOO.-IIM(N(MCO'*'W 



OS O O .-H r-1 <M (M CO 



>t^ t>.oooooooo5000^i-He^c^ r^ooooooooo 



III 

^3 ?°. 



APPENDIX. 53 



00000005 0; 05 !050t^t^l--0000000>05C--OO t^r^t-OOODOCOOlOOOi-i t^oooooo-.osoo 



^"OOOiMiOOOINiOOC^t OOtNcOC: ..__ -- ^^^i- - ^ ^ =^ ^ ^ - 
t--t-I^OOOOOOC5C5030 CDI>t^t^OCX05 0>05000 t^OOOOOOOOJOlC 



)0000050 lOCD«5«Ot^t^l^OOOOC000505 COt^l^r-OOOOOOOlOiOSOO 



>C 00 f-H 131 t-- o 
t^t^OO 00 00 Oi 

c^'icoo r:) 3: «r 
t^ r- 1-- 00 00 00 



«o<ot~-t--r^oo loiOkO'Ccosotor^t^i^t^oox icocO'£>50t--i>'t^ooocooo> ocot^t^t^t^oooo 



«0 CO to !>• r- t^ Tf »C lO lO CO CO O CO t^ t— t~~ t^ 00 10 10 CO CO CO CO t-- O- t^ 00 00 00 CO CO CO t> l^ t-- t^ 00 



T^iitiLOiOiOcOCOCOcOt^t^t^t^ lOiO'-TcOcOcOcOt^r-r^OOOO lOcOCOCOt^r^t^t- 



lOcOc 



ss§ 



•OcOcdcOCOt^ TtiTt<iOLCiOiOcOCOcOCOt^t^t^ 



COOOOM»Ot- C0lC06OC>q»0F-O(M^t^O'-t OOCSCO'-O'X-OC 

• OiOCOCOCOCO TtiTtiTfiOiOiOiScDCOcOCDCOt-- ■^iOlOjIiOcOc 

CO »CO0 O Oa Tfi tH CO lO 00 O (M -r"!^ O"-^^ rO^~W CO"o6 O CO lOOOO<NlOt^O(M i^CO CO 00 r-l CO ^ ' 

ioioiocOoS ■a'TJi^'^liCioic'OLbcOCOcOCD Tt<^iO>JOiOLOCOcOcOcOt^t>- iOiOiOiOCOcOCO< 



r-t CO "O OC O CO 1 

iC lO lO lO O CO ! 



^eOlOt>.C5'-l O-HCOLOt^OC-l-^COOOOtNiO COCOOOOOIlOt^OJC^'J'COOO OOrHCO 

iO«0>OiOiCcO co-*'^'«I'^»'>C'OiOiO>-OCOCOCO ■^Tj<-<*<iOiO>OiC'OCOcOCOcO -rriCiO 

oe'o'c^f^ cooo' ' >-;'c»^ CO iot-'ci5^"co"int^ o -^^ —i co o 00 o im ■^ cd^"o co 10 ~«o"o2 o S ^ fS S ^ 

•<!»HC>0»OiO>0 eOCO'^'^-^'*Tj"iOiOiOiOiOCO ■rri^'^i'.fiOiO'-C'OiCcOcOcO •giTfiLOiOiOuSiOCO 

«o t^ C!5 >-i CO ■5< iot-a50(M-^coooo(N-^cooo cs r-n co "O t- oi i-i coTo>- 05 r-; 52 if2 'i S fS rS S ?2 

Tt<T}<-*lCiO>0 COCOCO-<Ti-*-^'<J<-<fiOiO>0'OiO cO-^-^-f-fliTfiirjiC-OifiiOCO ■.tc^TMOiOiOiCi"^ 



1 lO ' 

_ - - . . . ... ..... Tc^T . ... - 

TP -^ Tfi -^ -^ -^ eo CO CO CO CO CO -^ •* ■* •^ ■«3< -^ o co eo co ■<*<■*-*■* -^ ■ 



)00 (N-^Ot^OJOM-^iiOI^OC 



C<ICO>OCOt^00 TticOt^C50^CO'»ilOI>-00_. .. ,.^. ---r.---i ii.i^i^««^«i^, 

cocoeoeococo <N04S<ic^cocococococococo'* ci(NcococoeocococOTj<-*-* eoeoeocoeoeo- 



?3c 



I CN <M CO CO 



O i> t^ 00 cTOi C<ICO'9''«9<»«COOt^OOOCO>00 rr.Ti.i.ocOt-t>0005050T-H21 ic co t~- b- 00 02 O rj 

CO T}( tp »o »c «o Oi— ii-t(Ne<ieo-*n<u^iccocot~> i-ic<icoeo-^-^iococot- t^oo coco^ioicocor~ 



fi-H (N N (N eo ocooiOOO'-iTHcqc^coco-* osoO'Hr-'iMiNCOcoco;^;'* S::jr:l£i^£2£2^ 



l(NiM<M(N(N<N(N<N(N( 



i?5^^^^?5^§ ^S§i?i^^^55 



54 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



»0 O -f OO CC1-- -M -^ c 



OO-^ rj> O0O5 O Q ^ GO C^ <r>0 (M 



(M i>. r-i lo ~ CO as 



CO oscq < 

1— I ^H (M ( 






S! 



r-H lO 35 CO l^ 1 -r DO C^l t 

COOOCOOCriOCOr-, 



^OS5"ro~ 

o o o 



OC <N •£ C CO t^ — < " 



~. O C — I ^ ^ 



!OC5CO«00'^t^T-l-»CO 
f-l>0000C3C2OOOO 



o -^r t^ ^ lO X) (M ( 

00 00 00 C-. cr. c- o < 



l^OrroC>-ifOO(N>-0 

t^ X 00 C« O O C-.' o o 



• 00 'X' X ;j; Si 33 



J C-. O ccccor. 



OOQC 00 

r^QOoo 



O to t^ t- l^ X X X X : 
(M lO i-^ cTco'o^ "Sl^ 



■O 35 C.1 T^ ■ 



1-- C3 •^ I^ O CO t^ 

■ t^ X X X 35 C5 C5 



;s j§^ 



<riS5rtft^35(NiOl:^0 
if5iCO«OcOcDt^l^t-X 



s?; 



O O CO 10^0 0*0 



(M lO t^ O <M 



OXOCOCOOOrHCOO 

lO i--; ;d CO «5 S 1-- 1^ i^ 



CO to CO TT «o iC iC 



lO lO CO CO CO CO lO O lO CO CD CO CO CO l" 



122^21 



I CO X oc 
• "^ -^ »o » 



) lOcO 



;§: 



IQ lO O CO 



rHC0'0t^C5O(N-^C0 CO»Ot^35T-ICO«Ct^35 



■* -^ Tf -rP -^ -qi iO > 



•<9<iOr^XO<M00iO'OX t^C50!>5-^iOr^35 



I ^ ^ CO CO CO CO ' 



CO CO ^P 'J' ■^ -^ ■<»■ ■ 



eccococococo-*-^-^-^ 



(MCO-^ lOCOXOOr-l(M 



§5^; 



IIMCOCOCOCCCOCOCO 



lO CO t- X O O i-H ( 
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)cOt^ O r-l i-l(N CO "^ iCi CO t^ X (N CO ' 
1(M IM iM (N iM C^ (N <N C^ iM CS iM (N M C 



I §4 



t— XXC50i-l(M(M 



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OOO0C3 tmo »o CO r^ r^ X 03 05 o lOco t^xxo500»-H 



t^X X 



t- t^ l~ 

t~^^51o 



I IC t^ C5 "^ CO i-l CO >o 



C5 "^ CO "-I CO ' 
l:^ CO CO »C iC ' 



S5?5^ 



^M(M 



I^M Nc5( 



|(MC<J T-lrH. 



I (M (M CO CO ■Tf TjiiO »0 CO <N CO CO -^ lO IC CO O t>. CO Tf< »0 






^ IM M CO P*C>» 



CO-* lOCO t-X05 < 
(N (N N (M es (M <M < 






APPENDIX. 55 



(MINCOCO ^ 


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o -*! cs lo o 


SS3S 


SfeK 


f^S 


1 


i-H 1— 1 i-H r-H 1— 1 


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gj?^?~$'g 


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SS5?5?5 


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t^ I- I- 00 00 


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CO "* CO t^ O O .-H 
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to t^SftOOJCO 

CO CO CO -a< 'T -a- 


Ci O (N -* O 
CO'3"3l'*Tli 


■» 'S' '*< Tli 


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i§^^^5 




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SS^g^Sgj;?^ 


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g?S 


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s^^^ss 


§^?5S^^S^?5 


Si^SS^g^^ 


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X 










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^ 

K 

s 



56 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

TABLE 3.— CULL FOR SQUARED DEFECTS. 

[20 per cent deducted for kerf from solid board foot contents.] 













Length of defect— feet. 










End dimensions. 


* 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


1 
11 


12 13 


14 


15 

1 


16 


17 












Contents 


—board feet in tens. 








Inches. 
2x2 














0.5 
.5 
1 
2 
2 

3 

4 
b 

I 

10 
11 
13 
15 

'' 

19 
22 
24 
27 
29 

32 
35 
38 
42 
45 

49 
52 
156 

30 

1 


0.5 
.5 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 
9 

11 
12 
14 
16 
19 

21 
24 
26 
29 
32 

35 
39 
42 
46 
50 

t? 

62 
66 

1 


0.5 
.5 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
8 
10 

12 
M 
16 
18 
20 

23 

26 
29 
32 
35 

39 
42 
46 
50 
54 

58 
63 
67 
72 


0.5 

1 

1 

I 

4 
6 
7 
9 
10 

12 
15 
17 
20 
22 

25 

28 
31 
35 
38 

42 
46 
50 
54 
59 

63 
68 
73 
78 


0.5 
1 

1 
2 
3 

5 
6 
8 
9 
11 

13 
16 
18 
21 
24 

27 
30 
34 

37 
41 

45 
49 
54 
58 
63 

68 
73 

78 
84 


0.5 

1 

2 

2 

4 

5 

6 

8 
10 
12 

14 

17 
20 
22 
26 

29 
32 
36 
40 

u 

48 
53 
58 
63 
68 

73 

78 
84 
90 


0.5 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

7 

9 
11 
13 

15 
18 
21 
24 

27 

31 
35 

39 
43 
47 

52 
56 
61 
67 
72 

78 
84 
90 

pe 


5 


3x3 

4x4 


1 
2 
2 
3 
3 

4 

1 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 
11 

12 

Il4 
115 
17 
18 

19 
121 

122 
24 


0.5 

• 5 

1 
1 

2 

I 

3 

'• 

8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
15 

16 
18 
19 
,21 
'23 

24 
i26 

;28 

j30 


0.5 
.5 

1 
1 

2 
3 
3 
4 
5 

6 

7 

I 

10 

12 
13 

!^ 

18 

19 
21 
23 
25 

27 

29 

34 
36 


0.5 

1 

2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 

S 

9 
10 
12 

13 
15 
17 
19 
21 

23 
25 
27 
29 
32 

34 

11 

42 


1 
2 

3 
3 
4 
5 

6 

8 

9 
10 
12 
14 

1? 

19 

11 

20 
28 . 
31 
33 
36 

39 

42 
45 

48 


0.5 

1 

1 

3 
4 
5 
6 

7 

in 
12 

14 
15 

17 
19 

20 

i29 
32 
35 

38 
41 

44 
47 
50 
54 


1 
2 


5x5 


3 


6x6 

7x7 


4 
6 


8x8 

9x9 


7 
9 


10x10 


11 


11x11 


14 


12x12 


16 


13x13 


19 


14x14 


22 


15x15 

16x16 


26 
29 


17x17 


33 


18x18 

19x19 

20x20 


37 
41 

45 


21x21 


50 


22x22 


55 


23x23.... 


60 


24x24 


65 


25x25 

26x26 


71, 

77 


27x27 

28x28 , 


83 
89 


29x29 


95 


30x30 


102 



APPENDIX. 
TABLE 3.— CULL FOR SQUARED DEFECTS— Continued. 



57 



End dimen- 
sions. 



Length of defect— feet. 



18 19 20 21 22 23 



24 25 26 ' 27 28 129 30 31 32 



Contents— board feet in tens. 



Inches. 

2x2 

3x3 

4x4 

5x5 

6x6 

7x7 

8x8 

9x9 

10x10 

11x11 

12x12 

13x13 

14x14 

15x15 

16x16 

17x17 

18x18 

19x19 

20x20 

21x21 

22x22 

23x23 

24x24 

25x25 

26x26 

27x27 

28x28 

29x29 

30x30 



0.5 

1 
2 
3 
4 



0.5 0.5 
1 1 



0. 5 0. 5 



0.5 

1 
2 
4 



0.5 
1 
3 
4 



77 
85 
92 
96 1 100 
99 il04 [108 

i 1 

107 jll2 117 
115 {120 1125 
123 ,129 1135 
132 138 144 



0.5 

2 

3 

4 

6 

8 
11 
14 
17 
20 

24 
28 
33 
38 
43 

48 
54 
60 
67 
74 

81 

88 

96 
104 
113 

122 
131 
140 
150 



0.5 
2 



0.5 
2 
3 
4 



10 
12 13 
16 16 
19 20 
23 24 



90[ 94 
99102 
108111 
117121 
126131 

136141 
146 152 
157 163 
168174 



10 10 

13 14 

17 17 

21 21 

25 26 



67 69 

75 77 

80i 83 85 

88 91 94 



100 103 
109 113 
119 123 
1251129133 
135 140 144 



151 156 
162 167 
174 179 
186,192 



58 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

TABLE 4.— SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS. 



Average middle diameter (in inches). 



7 8 9 10 I 11 12 13 ! 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 



Contents (in cubic feet). 



Feet. 
4 
5 



0.25 
.25 

.25 

.25 

.5 

.5 

.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 



0. 25 0. 5 
.5 .5 



16 1 

17 1 

18 1 

19 1 

20 1 
I 

21 il 
22 
23 
24 
25 



5 7 

5 7 
51 7 

6 8 



10 
10 

7 10 

8 10 
8 11 



6 




91 


6 


8, 9i 


6 


8l lOi 


7 


8 10 




9, 11 


7 


91 11 


8 


10! 12 


8 


lO; 13 


8 


11 13 


9 


11 14 


9 


11 14 


9 


12 


15 


10 


12 


15 


10 


13 


Ifi 


10 


13 


16 


11 


14 


17 


11 


14 


17 


12 


15 


18 


12 


15 


19 


12 


15 


19 


13 


16 


20 


1? 


16 


20 


13 


17 


21 


1^ 


17 


21 


14 


IS 


22 



13, 16 



lol 18 

16 19 

16' 20 

17! 20 

18t 21 



20 24 

20 24 

21 25 

22 26 
22; 27 

23 27 

24 28 
24 29 
25' 30 
26 31 
261 31 



24' 

25i 29 

26 30 

27 31 



71 8 
9 10 



19 22 26; 

20' 24 i 27 

21 25 28 

22 26 29 

23 27 31 



28 32 37 

I 

29 33 
29 34. 39 
301 35l -40 
31, 36 42 
32| 37 43 

33 1 38j 44 

34! 40 45 

35 41 47 

36 42| 48 
37; 43 49 



181 21 



22 



31 i 35 

32| 36 

341 38 

35 39 



28 32 35 

30j 33 37 

32[ 35 39 

34| 37 41 

35 39; 44 



33 37 



49 55 

50 57 
52 58 

54 60 

55 62 



APPENDIX. 59 

TABLE 4.— SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS— Continued. 



Average middle diameter (in inches). 



21 



22 



23 



26 



26 27 



28 



I 
29,30 31 



32 33 



35 



37 



38 



40 



Contents (in cubic feet). 



Ft. 



11 
13 

16 

18 
21 
24 
26 

29 
32 
34 
37 
40 

42 46 

45 49 
48! 52 
501 55 
53 1 58 



12 


1 
13 


14 


14 


16 


17 


17 


19 


20 


20 


22 


24 


23 


25 


27 


26 


28 


31 


29 


31 


34 


32 


35 


37 


35 


38 


41 


38 


41 


44 


40 


44 


48 


43 


47 


51 



55 
58 
61 
63 
66 72 



75 



50 551 59 
53, 58 '- 
bl 61 
60 65 
63 68 



72 
75 
78 
82 
85 92 



16 17 
20 21 

24 26 
28 30 
321 34 
36 38 
40 43 

44 47 
48 51 
52 56 
56 60 
m 64 

64' 68 
68: 73 

72| 77 
76! 81 
80i 86 

83 1 90 

87i 
91 
95 103 
99 10' 



96 103111 
85i 92100107115 
88 95103 111 120 
911 99107 115 124 
94:10211111119 128 



97106 114 
101109118 
104:il2il22 
107116125 
110 119 129139150 



93 



21 



98105 



103 1 110 
108115 
113121 
118126i 134 
123 131 140 



123 133 142 
127 137 14 
131141151 
135145156 
161 



113123133 
1161261361 
11913011401 
123 133 144, 
1261361471 



143154 
147158 
151 162 
155 167 
159171 



128 136 
133 142 
137147 
142! 152 

1471157 

152' 162 
157168 
162tl73 

167178 
172183 

177189 
182194 
187 199 
191204 
196^210 
I 



95^ 101 

101 i 10 

1071 113 

113 120 

119 126 

125 132 

131 139 

137 145 

143 151 

148 158 



154 164 174 

1601 170 180 

166 177 187 

172 183 194 

178 189 200 

184' 195 207 
190 202 214 
196 208 220 
202; 2141 227 
208 221 234 

214 227; 241 

220 2331 247 

226 240 254 

232 246 261 

238 252; 267 



28 


30 


82 


35 


37 


39 


42 


45 47 


49 


52 55 


57 


60 63 


64 


67 


71 


71 


75 


79 


78 


82 


87 


85 


90 


95 


92 


97 


102 


99 


105 110 


106 


112 118 


113 


119f 1261 


120 


127 


134 


127 


134 


142 


134 


142 


150 


141 


149 


158 


148 


157 


165 


156 


164 


173 


163 


172 


181 


170 


179 


189 


177 


187 


197 


184 


194 


205 


191 


202 


213 


198 


2091 2211 


205 


217 


228 


212 


224 


236 


219 


231 


244 


226 


239 


252 


233 


246 


260 


240 


254 


268 


247 


261 


276 


254 


269 


284 


262 


276 


291 


269 


284 


299 


276 


291 


307 


283 


299 


315 



174183 
183 192 
1911201 
199 209 
207 218 



216 
224 
232 
241 
249 

257 
265 
274 

282 
290 

299 
307 
315 
324 
332 



60 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

TABLE 4.— SOLID CUBIC CONTENTS OF LOGS— Continued. 



1 


Average middle diameter (in inches). 


41 


42 


43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


48 


49 

1 


"1 


51 j 


52 


53 


1 
54 55 


56 


57 


58 


59 


60 


Contents (in cubic feet). 


Ft. 
4 


37 


38 


40 


42 


44 


46 


48 


50 


52 55 


57 


59 


61 


64 


1 

68 


68 


71 


73 


76 


79 


5 


46 


48 


50 


53 


55 


58 


60| 63 


65 68 


71 


74 


77 


80 


82 


86 


89 


92 


95 


98 


6 


55 


58 


61 


63 


66 


69 


72 75 


79 82 


85 


88 


92 


95 


99 


103 


106 


110 


114 


118 


7 


64 


67 


71 


74 


77 


81 


84 88 


92 95 


99 


103 


107 


111 


115 


120 


124 


128 


133 


137 


8 


73 


77 


81 


84 


88 


92 


96 101 


105109 


113 


118 


123 


127 


132 


137 


142 


147 


152 157 1 


9 1 83 


871 91 


95 


99 


104 108 113 


118 123 


128 


133 


138 


143 


148 


154 


159 


165 


171 


177 


10 j 92 


95101 


106 


110 


115 120 126 

1 


131136 


142 


147 


153 


159 


165 


171 


177 


183 


190 


196 


11 101 loeliii 


116 


121 


127 133 138 


144 150 


156 


162 


169 


175 


181 


188 


195 


202 209 


216 


12 110115121 


127 


133 


138145 151 


157 164 


170 


177 


184 


191 


198 


205 


213 


220: 228 


236 


13 119 125131 


137 


144 


150 157 163 


170 177 


184 


192 


199 


207 


214 


222 


230 


239! 247 


255 


14 128135141 


148 


155 


162 169 176 


183 191 


199 206 


214 


223 


231 


239 


248 


257i 266 


275 


15 138 144 151 


158 


166 


173 181 188 


196 205 


213 


221 


230 


239 


247 


257 


266 


275 285 


295 


16 147154 161 


169 


177 


185 193 201 


210 218 


227 


236 


245 


254 


264 


274 


284 


294 304 


314 


17 156 164 171 


180 


188 


196 205 214 


223 232 


241 


251 


260 


270 


280 


291 


301 


312 323 


334 


18 165173182 


190 


199 


208 217 226 


236 245 


255 


265 


276 


286 


297 


308 


319 


330 342 


353 


19 174 183 192 


201 


210 


219 229 239 


249 259 


270 


280 


291 


302 313 


325 


337 


349 361 


373 


20 183192 202 


211 


221 


231 241 251 


262 273 


284 295 


306 


318 330 


342 


354 


367. 380 


393 


21 193 202 2l'2 


222 


232 


242253264 


275 286 


298 310 


322 


334 


346 


359 


372 


385* 399 


412 


22 202 212 222 


232 


243 


254 265 276 


288 300 


312 324 


337 


350 


363 


376 


390 


404 418 


432 


23 |211 221 232 


243 


254 


265 277 289 


301 314 


326 339 


352 


366 


379 


393 


408 


422, 437 


452 


24 '220 231 242 


253 


265 


277 289 302 


314 327 


340 354 


368 


382 


396 


411 


425 


440, 456 


471 


25 229 


241 252 

1 


264 


,276 


289 30L314 


327 341 


355^ 369 


383 


398 


412 


428 


443 


459 1 475 


491 


26 238250262 


275 


287 


300 313 327 


340 355 


369 383 


398 


414 


429 


445 


461 


477! 494 


511 


27 1248 260 272 


285 


298 312 325 339 


354 368 


383 398 


414 


429 


445 


462 


478 


495 513 


530 


28 '257 269 282 


296 


309 323 337 352 


M7 382 


397 


413 


429 


445 


462 


479 


496 


514 532 


550 


29 1 266 279; 292 


306 


l320 335 349 364 


380 395 


411 


428 


444 


461 


478 


496 


514 


532! 551 


569 


30 275 


289 303 


31- 


331346 361377 

i 1 ! 


393 409 


426 


442 


460 


477 


495 


513 


532 


550 570 


589 


31 284 


298 313 


327 


342 


358 373 39C 


406 


423 


440 


457 


475 


493 


511 


530 


549 


569! 589'609 


32 293 


308 323 335 


353 


369 386 402 


419 


436 


454 


472 


490 


509 


528 


547 


567 


587| 608 628 


33 303 


317 333 34« 


1364 


381 398 41^ 


432 


450 


468 


487 


506 


525 


544 


564 


585 


605 627 648 


34 312 


327 343 35c 


376 


392;410 42' 


445 


464 


482 


501 


521 


541 


561 


582 


603 


624 1 646 668 


35 


321 


33735337C 


|387 


404^422 44C 

1 


458|477 


497 


516 


536 


557 


577 


599 


620 


642^ 665687 


36 


330 


346:363 38C 


;398 


415 434 452 


471491 


511 


531 


552 


573 


594 


616 


638 


661 683707 


37 


339 


356 373 39] 


!409 


427 446 46.^ 


485 505 


525 


546 


567 


1 588 


610 


633 


656 


679 702 726 


38 :348 


3661383 40] 


420 


439,458 475 


:498 518 


539 


560 


582 


604 


627 


650 


673 


697, 721 746 


39 358 


375 393 41^ 


;431 


450|47049( 


;511532 


553 


575 


598 


620 


643 


667 


691 


i 716! 740 766 


40 367 


385 403 42i 


442 


462 482j50C 


524 545 


567 


1 590 


613 


, 636 


j66C 


684 


709 


734 759 785 

! 1 1 



APPENDIX. 61 

TABLE 5.— BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF TIMBERS 



Knd di- 






Length of timber- 


-feet. 






1 














men- 


10 


12 1 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


sions. 












1 






Contents—boaxd feet. 


Inches. 


















Ix 2 


H 


2 


2i 


22 


3 


34 


31 


4 


3 


2 


3 


31 


4 


44 


5 


54 


6 


4 


3i 


4 


4? 


5^ 


6 


6§ 


74 


8 


^ 


4- 


5 


5i 


6§ 


74 


84 


n 


10 


6 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


7 




7 


8* 




104 


111 


121 


14 


8 


61 


8 


n 


10§ 


12 


134 


141 


16 


10 


8^ 


10 


111 


m 


15 


16S 


184 


20 


12 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


14 


11§ 


14 


m 


185 


21 


234 


25| 


28 


16 


13J 


16 


m 


2H 


24 


26§ 


294 


32 


18 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


33 


36 


i 20 


16f 


20 


23J 


26§ 


30 


334 


36§ 


40 


lix 4 


4| 


5 


3 


61 


74 


84 


94 


10 


' 6 




7h 


10 


lU 


m 


184 


15 


8 


8^ 


10 


111 


13^ 


15 


16§ 


20 


10 


IOtt 


m 


14A 


162 


18f 


20^ 


2214 


25 


i 12 


12i 


15 


17J 


20 


224 


25 


274 


30 


1| X 4 


5 


6 




8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


6 


n 


9 


10^ 


12 


134 


15 


164 


18 


8 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


10 


12J 


15 


m 


20 


224 


25 


274 


30 


12 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


33 


36 


2x3 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


11 


12 


4 


6f 


8 


9K 


101 


12 


134 


14§ 


16 


6 


10 


12 


14 * 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


8 


13^ 


16 


18f 


' 214 


24 


202 


294 


32 


10 


16f 


20 


23J 


262 


30 


334 


3& 


40 


12 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


14 


23§ 


28 


32S 


37^ 


42 


46| 


514 


56 


16 


261 


32 


m 


42S 


48 


534 


58§ 


64 


2i X 12 


25^ 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


60 


14 




35 


40| 


46§ 


524 


584 


64| 


70 


16 


33i 


40 


46§ 


53- 


60 


66i 


734 


80 


3x 4 


10 


12 


14 


16 


18 


20 


22' 


24 


6 


15 


18 


21 


24 


27 


30 


33 


36 


8 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 1 


10 


25 


30 


35 


40 


45 


50 


55 


60 


12 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


14 


35 


42 


49 


56 


63 


70 


77 


84 


16 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


4x 4 


m 


16 


18§ 


. 214 


24 


261 


294 


32 


6 


20 


24 


28 


32 


36 


40 


44 


48 


8 


261 


32 


37i 


42? 


48 


534 


581 


64 


10 


m 


40 


46§ 


534 


60 


66§ 


734 


sa I 


12 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


14 


461 


56 

1 


65J 


74§ 


84 


934 


102§ 


112 



62 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



TABLE 5.— BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF 

TIMBER— Continued. 



End di- ' 








Length of timber- 


-feet. 






1 




1 












men- 


10 


12 


14 ! 


16 


18 


20 


22 


24 


sions. 
























Contents 


—board feet. 






Inches. 


















5x 8 


33§ 


40 


46f 


53J 


60 


66| 


73^ 


80 


6x 6 


30 


36 


42 


48 


54 


60 


66 


72 


8 


40 


48 


56 


64 


72 


80 


88 


96 


10 


50 


60 


70 


80 


90 


100 


110 


120 


12 


60 


72 


84 


96 


108 


120 


132 


144 


14 


70 


84 


98 


112 


126 


140 


154 


168 


16 


80 


96 


112 


128 


144 


160 


176 


192 


8x 8 


53J 


64 


741 




96 


106§ 


117J 


128 


10 


66§ 


80 


93i 


106§ 


120 


133J 


146§ 


160 


12 


80 


96 


112 


128 


144 


160 


176 


192 


14 


93^ 


112 


130f 


149^ 


168 


1862 


205^ 


224 


10x10 


SH 


100 


116? 


133J 


150 


166§ 


183i 


200 


12 


100 


120 


140 


160 


180 


200 


220 


240 


14 


1161 


140 


163^ 


186§ 


210 


233§ 


2561 
293^ 


280 


16 


133^ 


160 


1861 


213i 


240 


266§ 


320 i 


12x12 


120 


144 


168 


192 


216 


240 


264 


288 ! 


14 


140 


168 


196 


224 


252 


280 


308 


336 ! 


16 


160 


192 


224 


256 


288 


320 


352 


384 ; 


14x14 


163^ 


196 


228f 


261i 


294 


326§ 


359^ 


392 


16 


18G^ 


224 


261§ 


2981 


336 


373^. 


410S 


448 


18 


210 


252 


294 


336 


378 


420 


462 


504 : 


16x16 


213^ 


256 


2982 


341§ 


384 


4262 


469§ 


512 


18 


240 


288 


336 


384 


432 


480 


528 


576 


20 


266§ 


320 


373i 


4262 


! 480 


533i 


586§ 


640 


18x18 


270 


324 


378 


432 


- 486 


540 


594 


1 648 • 


20x20 


333J 


400 


4662 


533J 


600 


6661 


733i 


1 800 


22x22 


403J 


484 


5642 


645§ 


726 


806§ 


887i 


968 


24x24 


480 


576 


672 


768 


864 


960 


1 1.056 


: 1,152 


26 X 26 


563^ 


676 


7881 


901J 


1,014 


1, 1262 


! 1.2391 


1 1,352 


28x28 


653i 


784 


914§ 


1.045i 


1,176 


1,3062 


1,4371 


1 1.568 


30x30 


750 


900 


1,050 


1.200 


1,350 


1,500 


1,650' 


: 1,800 



APPENDIX. 



63 



TABLE 5.— BOARD FOOT CONTENTS OF STANDARD SIZES OF 

TIMBER— Continued. 



End di- 


Length of timber — feet. 














men- 


28 


32 


34 


36 


38 


40 


sions. 


















Contents- 


-board feet. 






Inches. 














8x 8 


1494 


170f 


1814 


192 


2021 


2134 


10 


186§ 


213^ 


226§ 


240 


2534 


266§ 


12 


224 


256 


272 


288 


304 


320 


14 


261§ 


298S 


3174 


336 


354§ 


3734 


10x10 


233i 


2661 


283l: 


300 


316§ 


3334 


12 


280 


320 


340 


360 


380 


400 


14 


326f 


3734 


3962 


420 


4434 


466§ 


16 


3734 


426§ 


4534 


480 


506^ 


5334 


12x12 


336 


384 


408 


#32 


456 


480 


14 


392 


448 


476 


504 


532 


560 


16 


448 


512 


544 


576 


608 


640 


14x14 


457A 


5221 


5554 


588 


6201 


6534 


16 


522i 


5974 


634§ 


672 


7094 


7461 


18 


588 


672 


714 


756 


798 


840 


16x16 


597i 


682§ 


7254 


768 


810§ 


8534 


18 


672 


768 


816 


864 


912 


960 


20 


7461 


8534 


906§ 


960 


1,0134 


1,066§ 


18 x 18 


756 


864 


918 


972 


1.026 


1.080 


20x20 


933J 


1,0661 


1,1.334 


1,200 


1,266§ 


1 1.3334 
1 1,6134 


22x22 


1, 129J 


l,290f 


1,3714 


1,452 


1,.532§ 


24x24 


1,344 


1.536 


1,632 


1,728 


1.824 


1,920 


26x26 


1.577i 


1,802?5 


1.9154 


2.028 


2. 1402 


! 2, 2.534 


28x28 


1.829i 


2,090§ 


2, 2214 


2.-352 


2.482? 


1 2.6134 


30x30 


2,100 


2,400 


2.550 


2,700 


2,850 


3,000 



64 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

TABLE 6.— STANDARD CONVERTING FACTORS. 

The following converting equivalents will be used in reducing 
various products to feet, board measure: 



Product. 



Assvimed di- 
mensions. 



Equiva- 
lent in 
board feet. 



Long cord (chestnut acid -wood). 

Cord (spruce pulpwood) 

Cord (shingle bolts) 

Cord(fuelf. 

Load (in the rough) 

Pole (telephone) 

Do 

Pile 



Stull 

Tie (standard) 

Tie (2d class) 

Tie (narrow gauge) . 
Tie 



Do 

Derrick pole 

Derrick set (11 pieces). 
Trestle timber 

Do 

House log 

Do 

Do 

Mining timber 

Prop. 



Converter pole 

Pole (fence) 

Do, 

Lagging (6 pieces) . 
Cubic foot (round). 

Rail (split) 

Piece 

Stick 

Slab 

Post 



4' X 5' X 8' . . . . 
4' X 4' X 8' . . . 
4' X 4' X 8' ... 
4' X 4' X 8' ... 

1 cord 

7"x30' 

9"x30' 

7"x30' 

10"xl6' 

6" x8" x8' .. 
6"x7"x8' .. 
6" X 7" x6' .. 
7" x8" x8' .. 
7"x9"x8'.. 
7"x30' 



10" X 20' 
7"xl2'.. 
8"xl6'., 
7"xl6'., 
7"xlO'., 
6"xl0'.. 
6"xl0'. 
4" X 20' . 

16' 

4" >: 20' . 
3"x6' .. 



^pole 
6" X 7' 



Post (circumference, 18 inches) . 
Post 



Linear foot . . . 

Brace 

Stay (fence) . . 

Stay 

Shake , 

Picket , 

Stake (fence) . 



2" X 6" X 16' 

6"x7' 

5.7" X 7' 

5" X 7' 

10"xl' 

4"x6' 

2"x6' 

4"x6' 

I" X 6" X 2' . 

3"x5' 

3"x5' 



625 

560 

600 

333i 

333-1 

60 
100 

60 

60 

30 

20 

15 

30 

35 

60 
-380 

70 

20 

30 

30 

In 

10 

10 

10 
8 

10 

10 
6 
5 
7 
7 
2 

6 
5 
3 
2 

2 
h 
1 
1 



APPENDIX. 



65 



This list gives the standard dimensions and board feet equivalent 
of each product. These converting factors will be used uniformly 
unless the dimensions of local products do not approximate those 
given in the table, in which case board-foot equivalents applicable 
to the correct dimensions should be used. 

These factors are designed primarily for converting other products 
than saw timber into feet, board measure, for convenience in sta- 
tistics. Appraisals may be made where desirable on other units 
common in local usage. 



TABLE 7.— CONVERTING FACTORS— CHESTNUT TELEPHONE POLES. 

[Based upon taper measurements.] 





diameter inside bark. 


Length of pole— feet. 


Top 


20 


25 


30 


35 


,0^ 


45 50 


55 


60 


65 


70 


75 




Contents— board feet in tens. 




Inches. 


1 
2 
4 
5 


3 

4 
5 

7 


4 
6 
7 
9 
11 
13 


C. 

if. 

\l 
18 


8 
10 
13 
16 
19 
24 


10 
13 
16 
20 
25 
30 


13 
16 
20 
25 
30 
37 
45 
53 


16 
21 
25 
31 
38 
45 
52 
61 


20 
25 
31 
38 
46 
54 
62 
71 


25 
31 
39 
47 
55 
63 
72 
82 


31 
39 
47 
56 
65 
75 
85 
96 


39 


6.. 


48 




5S 


8. . 


67 


9 


77 


10 






89 


11 






101 


12 














114 



















66 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



TABLE 8.— AREAS OF CIRCLES. 



Diam- 
eter. 


Area. 


Diam- 
eter. 


Area. 

1 


Diam- 
eter. 


Area. 


' Diam- 
eter. 


1 
Area. 


Inches. 


sq.ft. 


Inches. 


Sq.ft. 


Inches. 


sq.ft. 


. IncJies. 


Sq.ft. 


1 


0.01 


21 


2.41 


41 


9.17 


61 


20.29 


2 


.02 


22 


2.64 


42 


9.62 


62 


20.97 


3 


.05 


23 


2.89 


43 


10.08 


63 


21.65 


4 


.09 


24 


3.14 


44 


10.56 


64 


22.34 ; 


5 


.14 


25 


3.41 1 


45 


11.04 


65 


23.04 


6 


.20 


26 


3.69 


46 


11.54 


66 


23. 76 


7 


.27 


27 


3.98 


47 


12.05 


67 


24.48 


8 


.35 


28 


4.28 


48 


12. 57 


68 


25.22 


9 


.44 


29 


4.59 


49 


13.10 


69 


25.97 


10 


.55 


30 


4.91 


50 


13.64 


70 


26. 73 


11 


.66 


31 


5.24 


51 


14.19 


71 


27.49 


12 


.79 


32 


5.59 


52 


14.75 


72 


28.27 


13 


.92 


33 


5.94 


53 


15.32 


i 73 


29.07 


14 


1.07 


34 


6.31 


54 


15.90 


1 74 


29.87 


15 


1.23 


35 


6.68 


55 


16.50 


i '' 


30.68 


16 


1.40 


36 


7.07 


56 


17.10 


; 76 


31.50 


17 


1.58 


1 37 


7.47 


57 


17.72 


[ 77 


32.34 


18 


1.77 


38 


7.88 


58 


18.35 


78 


33.18 


19 


1.97 


39 


8.30 


59 


18.99 


79 


34.04 


20 


2.18 


40 


8.73 


60 


19.63 


80 


34.91 



APPENDIX. 

TABLE 9.— TAPER. 

(For scaling in maximum lengths of 16 feet.] 



67 



Total length. 




Log lengths. 


1 


Butt bg. 


Second 
log. 


Third log. 


Top log. 


Feet. " 
18 1 


10' 
1" 
10' 

12' 

1" 
14' 

1" 
14' 

2" 
16' 

2" 
16' 

2" 
12' 

3" 
12' 

3" 
14' 

3" 
16' 

3" 
16' 

3" 
16' 

3" 
16' 

4" 
16' 

4" 
14' 

4" 
16' 

i 

16' 
5" 

16' 
5" 

5" 






8' 
0" 
10' 

0" 
10' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
14' 

0" 
14' 

0" 
16' 

0" 
10' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
^ 12' 

0* 
14' 

0" 
16' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
12' 

0" 
12' 

O'' 
12' 

0" 
14' 

0" 


Increase 

20 1 

Increase | 

22 

Increase 

24 

Increase 

26 . . 














1 




















increase 

' 28 










Increase 

30 










Increase 

32 

Increase 

34 

Increase 

36 .... 














12' 
1" 

12' 
1" 








Increase 

38 

Increase 

40 

Increase 

42 

Increase 

44 

Increase 

46 

1 Increase 








% 






14' 








1" 
16'- 






2" 
16' 

2" 
12' 

3" 
12' 

1 . s 

3" 
1 16' 

3" 
16' 

3" 
16' 

3" 





! 48 

1 Increase 

i 50 

Increase 

! 52 

1 Increase 

! 54 






12' 

1" 
12' 

1" 
12' 

1' 
12' 

V 
14' 

2" 
1 14' 
1 2" 


Increase 


56 


Increase 


58 


Increase 


60 


Increase 





This table ia intended to be used simply as a guide; the allowances 
for taper shown in this table should be varied to conform to the 
actual taper. 



68 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

TABLE 10.— TAPER. 

[For scaling in maximum lengths of 3? feet.] 



Total length. 


Log lengths. 


Butt log. 


Second log. 


Third log. 


Top log. i 


Feet. 
34 


18' 

2" 
18' 

2" 
20' 

2" 
20' 

2" 
22' 
"o" 

22' 

2" 

24' 

i: 

3" 
26' 

3" 
26' 

3" 
28' 

3" 
28' 

3" 
30' 

4" 
30' 

4" 
32' 

4" 
32' 

4" 
22' 

6" 
24' 

6" 
24' 

6" 
24' 

6" 
26' 

7" 
26' 

7" 
26' 

7" 
i 






1 

16' 1 

0" 
18' 

0" 
18' 

0" 

z. 

20' 

0" 
22' 

0" 
22' 

0" 


Increase 






3tj 






Increase . 


! 


38 












40 






Increase 

42 . . 




V. 







Increase 






44 












46 








1 


4S 


1 


24' 








0" 


50.. 






24' 

0" 
26' 

0" 
26' ! 

0" 1 
28' 1 

0" 
28' 

0" 
30' 

0" 
30' 

0" 
32' 

0" 
22' 

0" 
22' 


Increase 






52 












54 












56 






Increase 






58 






Increase 






60.. ♦ 

Increase 










62 












64 







Increase 






66 


22' 

4" 
24' 

4" 
24' 

4" 
24' 

5" 
26' 

5" 
26' 

5" 




Increase 




68 




Increase 




' 0" 


70 




22' 


Increase 




0" 


72 




1 24' 






0" 


74 




24' 






0" 


76 




i 24' 






! 0" 


78 




! 26' 






0" 









APPENDIX. 

TABLE 10.— TAPER-Continued. 



69 



Total length. 


Log lengths. 


Butt log 


1 
. 1 Second log. 


Third log. 


Top log. 


Feet. 

80 


28' 
7' 

28' 
7' 

28' 
8' 

-: 

30' 

8' 
30' 

8' 
.32' 

8' 
32' 

8' 
32' 

9' 
26' 

9' 
26' 
10' 


26' 

5" 

28' 

5" 

28' 

5" 

i 28' 

5" 

1 30' 

5" 

30' 

6" 

'%■ 

32' 

6" 

! 32' 

6" 

24' 

8" 

I 26' 

8" 


, 


26' 

0" 
26' 

0" 
28' 

0" 
28' 

0" 
28' 

0" 
30' 

0" 
30' 

0" 
30' 

0" 
32' 

0" 
24' 

0" 
24' 

0" 


Increase 




82 




Increase 

84 

Increase 

86 












' 


88 




Increase 

90 






Inci'ease 




92 








94 








96 








98 


24' 
5" 

24' 
5" 


Increase 


100 


Increase 





This table is intended to be used simply as a guide; the allow- 
ances for taper shown should be varied to conform to the actual taper. 
These figures are based on the actual taper of 110 Douglas fir trees 
of average height measured in Washington and Oregon. 



70 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 1— FORM 



Timber, Sale,.... 




/.2....^ 


._.. End Mark, 


Za^ 


n.^ 


i^r'"" >^/^>^^^A-/7 ye//o^P/nG 






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Length 


Ft. B: M. 


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APPENDIX. 71 

231— SAW TIMBER. 

■ Where Scaled, ...^±..r.^jJ./:Q^.d.J.^n.^y.hg./^^^ 6 



l.imiTii Fi B M. Tkk> N'l Ir.NnT!!. IV. B. WL 



^^ /6 S9 **'' /4 /8 <^re r^corc/ec/ 

63 /2 2/ ^^ /a 46 on of/7er pages 

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67 /d 9S 87 ^^ /OS 

68 /^ ^/ 88 /2 27 

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/2^ 36 ^'' /4 36 ^ "" "^ " "' 
S/2 6>96 

V ^ ^ 

^ K^ ^ 

\ On ^ \ Vj. 



72 



THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 



SAMPLE PAGE 2— FORM 



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/6 2 3 


2" 


/■^ 


\ 






1 




:.r 


M 






M 


^p 


/6 /O 


3 


''6aA^6 


i 


1 


1 
1 




23 


A 


1 


ij? 




>r^ 


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4 


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\ 




1- 


.!/ 




?P j /^ i 


1 


V 




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,. 


I 




1 




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/£y 


JJ 


1 




^^ 


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6 


.'4 


't 








I 


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1 


1 


51/ 


« 


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7 


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1 






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22 


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1 


/Jl 




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& 


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1 


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5 






33 


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^^ 


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9 




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34 


A 






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ll 


I /' 


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M 


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// 


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36 


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/k= 






1 1 

1 ■ 




32 


/fl 


\ 


' 


i ^'^ 


fiz 


/6 


/^ 


/6 


1 








'\4 


38 


/h 


'^^, 






6^ 


/a 


U 


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1 






^ 




^ 


/(b 


7n 


i 




64 


/^ n 


/3 


/6 




/^ 




\ 




.o 


/2 


9 






\63 


/6 /9 


/<5 


20 




1 


I 




7 3 


.. 


/a 






'0 


6e 


/4 


/V 


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V.C 




! 




1 


42 


/£> 




/9 




62 


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/e 


/yt 


?7 


1 






1 


4.? 


/6 








^ 


/e, /o 


/9 


/2 




i 




3 


1 


U 


M 






'V? 


69 


/4 „. 4. 

/6 9'. 


eo 


/6 










7 


4^ 


/^ 


Q-^ 






20 


s/ 


/6 








'J' 


! 


4fi 


/2 




/gi 


1 


2/ 


^ 


22 


/6 










1 


42 


/6 


^ 




1 


72 


/4 /9 


23 


/4 




^ 






1 


2S 


/■& 






s 


2,^ 


/6 1? 


24 


/6 


r 






1 




4. 


/4 




/? 




y4 


/4 


23 


/6 




\ 




i 


-^ 


SO 


/6 






3\'- 


7!5 


/6 45 


(0 
X 


K 
^ 






1 


o 




















I ^) 




















"^ 










"f 










N 












































































V5 






-- 


0! ^ 










Ci 










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VTN 










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N 












X 








































































1 




<; 












^ 










ft 


\ 




















^ 












Cy 























































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! 


















1 


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^\ 


v^ 












Cfi 








^ 


— T 












^ 













































































APPENDIX. 



73 



231-Dl-SAW TIMBER. 



SCALER. JS^^^C :^^^:^Z^ ^ 


(oftAcA 


/cr/ (?/7/- 5P£C/£S^7)na^rc^ 


Cedjr a/7r 




3 


AT '•%l 


^' r^ s 


/^ P£A^/l/?A-3 O/V 






76 


/6\ /9 


/=AGr , 






^7 


/^ ?/ 






^/_ 


7S 


/e 


4 A^o Pes syS/^^C/fs 






^5 ?S> 


/a 


S3 ^ 


^ 


^ 


Q 


^o, tAN 








'n'> 


C\ 


^1 


^5>s 






Sc? 80 


/& e 


T"""'^ 















. i 














a/ 


/6 /U_ _ 


^"^5 
















T 




^ 


v^ 


•-(N 








82 


/e 33 


^ 




\ 


^ 


■^', 


^ 




/ ^ 
















/C S3 


/4 


/4 <J 






























11... s^ 


/4 


Tj5 


^f 


\ 


\t 


^ 


^ 






"nI 


'O 


^ 


"^^ 


N 






as 


/s 5 


? 




^i 


(\j 




"^ 




















ae 


/8 /f? 


\l 
















IJJ 





^ 


^ 


'^ 


^^ 






3a^ 


/<e 5 


,| 


> 


o 


M- 


<^ 


^ 








H 


M- 




*<^ 




s/ 


aa 


/e T 


k \i 




























a^ 


/4. /O 




••J 


1 

k 

1 


1 

fs 
■<^ 

N 

1 


1 

1 


1 






90 


/2 


2 


/c 


9/ 


/e JA 




^ 


'4 92 


/4 


V^ 




93 


/6 2f 






9J 


^e 17 






9S 


/e /6 






?3 96 


/^ 


g/ 




9? 


/e 7 






93 


/e /c 




-^z-" 


99 


/6 /3 






/oc 


/6 4 










"Ci O 


^ 


() 


<^ 


o 










C^ 


> 


ITj 


p 


H^ 






N 




(X •^ 


\ 


C\l 


^ 


vb 






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\ 


■i) 


K 














\ 


^ 




W 










































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o 




vi 






S 




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0^ 




^ 






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?^ 




Ct) 




^7 














\ 




\ 








































■■■(i ~ 




~^ 


c 







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13 




CS 


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S 




^ 


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CVi 


V) 


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v 


t^ 




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o 


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I 




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«3745— 15- 



74 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 3— FORM 

Purchaser- _ _ 3iLQ.cjf.u.a/j7ii^- -Z Qg.pn^.J2(i. - 

QompekrimQXif Sec. .^ ^ _ _ Tvip. ^^l R 9£M^. 



- 




\\ 




CQNfZHTS SY 5PCC(£S 


Defects, Kinii, Amount 
Dedua*9d, Overlcngths 






Fir 


lock 


Cec/or 








^.S6/ 


/6 










/5- 






S/ (3hb) 




^ 


/6 










/O 






<s/ . , 




3 


^0 










24 






5/ 




^ 


40 










20 






Sf 




s- 


3S 


27 






96 








/43 (Shake) 




6 


32 










4.2 






S/ 




7 


^0 


/s 


/ 




34 








4C (Conk) 




a 


^0 


2/ 


/ 




74 








6-5 




9 


40 


3Q 


/ 








. /3Q 




60-P.^f3ifr%^) 




70 


34 


32 










73/ 




3O-pJ?fPMr/f?0) 




/ 


^0 


30 


/ 




/66 








6S 




2 


40 


30 


/ 


Ciy// 










/72C 




S 


32 


22 






67 












4 


ae 


2o 






4S 












^ 


40 


33 


2 






/77 






30^(Cen/^n/y3t 


1 


6 


26 


20 








4S 










7 


23 


36 




93 










60C 




3 


40 


/4 






24 








ecAs 




9 


32 


/4 






/<3 








SC/t3 




SO 


40 


S/ 


/ 


4^6 










4o-PS(PM3(^^ 












\ 














ii 






1 












4 
^ 





















































APPENDIX. 



75 



631— SAW TIMBER. 



Timber Seie 6z4z/JZ. 



.Brand ^^S^.sS^ 



» 


Where Scaled. 


.At-Jaadin^. 




Daie /CPr^lJl-/ 


-'l^ 




Lc^rVo. 




ji 

Q 




CONTENTS aV SPtCXt-S 






';r'r 


focK 


Cedar 






Deducted, 0<xzrlen^fhs 




^^S/ 


32 


^ 




407 










SOt^/? 




2 


^O 


^9 


a 


44^ 










20-/^S 




3 


^0 


46 


/ 


393 










/2-/^S 




4- 


40 


SO 


2 


4y/ 










/6'/^S 




S 


36 


47 


2 


3^3 










4S(^/?(GrovnJf^t) 




6 


40 


^3 


2 


^/o 










36F3 




7 


40 


46- 


/ 


333 














^ 


32 


40 




232 










9F3 




9 


40 


/7 


/ 




46 








43 




90 


32 


/S 






26 








23 




/ 


3d 


// 


/ 




/7 






' 


" 




2 


40 


/2 


/ 






/9 






3B 




3 


3^ 


20 


/ 




S6 








S3 




^ 


33 


^9 


/ 


/^6 










4PS 




S 


40 


/4 


/ 




32 












___^ 


J2 


/6 






32 












r 


40 


20 






73 












a 


40 


34 


/ 








/66- 




44i^A: 




9 


32 


/4 






23 












2600 


32 


/3 






/9 














^ 
^ 
^ 












1 

I 

\ 
1 

9 

a 




















i 

1- 










\ 




. 


^ 
















M 



















76 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 4— FORM 631— SAW 



Sea Jed by John Doe 


- 




T^aqe 


Douglas fyr 


Hemlock 


Cedar 


Dead 
Dougmr//f 


Dead 
Cedar 


/. 


/.G5- 


394 


22/4 


876 


729 


a. 


19 64 


/537 


J/ 73 


/308 


80 


3. 


26 7 Z 


/266 


983 


374- 


/42 


^. 


/6 76 


7^0 


/345 


J/63 




5. 


2432 


338 


/534 




457 


Thta/syj/zz 


8949 


49/^ 


703I 


362/ 


808 



















































Al-FENDIX. 
TIMBER, SUMMARY SHEET. 



11 



\0\ 



1 

j 


Page 


DoL'Gl&sf/'r 


He/7?/oc/c 


Cec/ar 


, 

Dead 


Dead 
Cec/ar 


/. 


/ 


4- 


/4 


6 


4 




2. 


5 


/6 


9 


8 


2 




3. 


a 


7 


20 


7 


^ 




4- 


/2 


/O 


5 


7 






5. 


20 


/O 


/ 




/9 




Tota/s 


4-6 


47 


49 


28 


30 












































1 















78 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 5— FORM 231— 

Purchaser, .r/i^..^AC/r/C..../?.UL^...,(2.0. 

Tmibcr Sale, .JP/^^/^...-.Zo/?.^^^^..' End Mark, 



"-B'^t B^'A 


U^n N... 


' 8-So ? 


,M 


'^ e-/6 3 


'it 


'^^O'/e S9 


2:; 




24 


2") 


^^4-30 Cu// 


•.'0 


^36-26 205 


27 


^43-/4 Z^^- 


2S 


'^36-34 ^4o 


25) 


^"^ 23-40 //S 
^^ 2o-^o 370 


30 


^'^S'30 /O 


il 


i« 3-24 C(y// 
^"^ 23'SO® /OO 


•M 


:u 


^'» //'36 2^ 


ar. 


"^^23-38 //O 


;'.(; 


''^^9-23 /OS 


•XI 


^^/0-36 200 


JS 


^^2340 //3' 


;!!• 


'^25-30 /02 


40 


24^2 




\ 









Coaled by 



. . j^222U&ii,u^!^2fe2:S^4<. 






TT/F. 



APPENDIX. 



'79 



CUBIC FEET AND CORDS. 

Where Scaled, .//V..../?Arr . 

Compartment.. _ .■ Sec .- T..... 

.— ;iso 
I.<i.i No. Lkn.ith. KT. B M Un a.,. I.RNuT 



; T)oAc.7/4 . I9'i4 



90 Cu. /v- ^o//c/ 
&Qu/\/a'/ent To 
one- core/. 



< ^ 






is: ^ 



'^ ^ ^ 
^ ^i- v6 

'C) VS) X 



80 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 6— FORM 

S, /^/^^ Sales 

iForesl) 

_ L/o/zn /Po<5 .xJ<sn./^,/9M 

(Purchaser) (.Date) 



Species 
Material 

0»TE S^ALeo 



No Pieces No. Pieces No. Pieces No Pieces no. Piece* 

/Vo.^/ck /Ye/^/hi- len^f/-,- l^V/c//^ Corc/3 

5 4.. 3' 4-0 4- 3'. 6 

6 4- 40 4 S. 

^ 3.5- S2 4 ^-^ 

84- ^04 ^■^^' 



C (to 

S & 

05 ft. 



5l 



20.SS 



APPENDIX. 
648— CORD MEASUREMENT. 

Compartment Scaler, iJohn C/<3q/f 

Sea. ^-^ , T. ^/V..., R. 6PV. 



81 











(IVA 


err sca/erf) 






1 


(0 














3 














O 














u 














Z 




























.1 
























No P.tcts 




5 

• 

s 














9 
O 


^ 


o 


"0 


^ s^ 






z 
< 


^ 


'o 


QD 


\' ^ 






^ 


CS 


Q 


C5 


Ci \ 






Iff 


CVi 


\ 


^ 


^ ^ 




w 

w 


^ 










o 
< 


k 


. 








o 

E 
< 


^ 








1 


K- 








, 




-1 






1 

a. 


i^ 


. 


< 

o 

o 

z 


1 


1 


5 
1 


1i 




< 


,eo 


•^ 




"O 




o 


Ig 


■*-> 




<» o 








•c 


*9 


to '4>r 








5* 




fc. ^ 






2 


o 


s 


§. 2 






^ 


^ 


,o 


1$ i® 


1 
i 


1- 

< 
Z 

• 


v^ 


oa 


f». 


QC ^>. 












iS 














s 














£ 










1 















1 


2 













82 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 7— FORM 

Purchaser, ..^c?/?/Z..../2c?^... ^.L/^...jg//o... 

Compartment, ; 5ee., „...d"...-.. Twp.,../^.A/,_; R.,2^_/4^__ 




APPENDIX. 



83 



651— SHINGLE BOLTS. 

Timber Sale, 

Where Scaled, 



.O^i^c!/S2. Brand, 

.2^6.^^„l5.-.....; Date, !lJ^/7^./A3.. 





■ 

liOQ No. 


1^ 


11 
S u 




CONTENTS BY SPECIES. 








Dotio. 
Fib. 


Hem- 
lock. 


Cedae. 










/= 


''??re- 


^ 






^ 


^/7? 


'9 


S^// 


^ 




/r 


? 












/2 




/ 


.^ 


r 


g) 


^/ 




7' 




3 






2 


^ 




22 




/ 








/ 


J 


;? 




23 




e 




/^ 












































7^(^ 


o^^ 


^J 


'^ 


r/J 


?^<i7/-«: 


- ^:^ 


vir/e'c 


/ a^^^ 




/n M 


'^ /^ 


i^^/ 


i 


^^^7<f 


' 7^ 


'iV /p 


y/?7/^d. 


^ A 


__ 




a^^, 


r/^a 


"/? 


?^/ 


^ /M 


f /fe^ 


7/ 6/y 


'76/ey^ 


"/9e\r^^" 




/f^iyy 


'^a / 


b ^ 


"f^^. 


/ ^ 


^<^/r 


'^/y 


w/po"/ 


■ ^^ 


s 




/?^^/ 


? /O^, 


';'t/rt 


^n 


^^J 


'^/^ ^ 


Ta/-^ 


r- 










^ 


^//^ 


f? 


^a'n 


p/?? 


>^// 


'9m/A 


' a/^i 


y 




M/^ 


a/^ 


/ri 


m 


' o^r^ 


dV7 ^ 


^7,7/ 


c/i^crc 


Wm 


JJ^/55^ 




9^^/^ 


^M 


r^< 


'^/ 


W^^ 


^:5^,5 


e^a/ 


7^/h A 


■?(^at 


IS . 
















































































































33 e 

7 






/ 




23 
22 


A 


p. 

a 

s 

1 


^ 


323 






/S 




y 




1 


323 




/^ 






% 




P 






?- 


s 

1 




















1 



84 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 8-FORM 

Purchaser, ...^oA^... jQ.Q.G 

Timber Sale, .„7.z/-/j^._Lo/_0 End Mark, 



ePECIES 


Cejc/ci/-\ 


/='0/GS 


1 








Loo No 


Length. 
Diameter 
Fr.-lN. 

40-3 


rr. B. M. 


Loo No 


^i-SJ?"- 


Pr. B. M. 


Log No. 


Lenj^. 


Pr. B. M. 


1 




21 






41 






2 


Z5--S 


1 


22 






42 






3 


P.S-6 




23 






43 






4 


ZSr-7 




24 






44 






5 


30-6 




25 






45 








6 


^s-a 




26 






46 






7 


4-O-S 




27 






47 






3 


2Jr-7 




28 






48 






9 


ss-a 




29 






49 






10 


so -a 




30 






50 






11 


AS- a 




31 






51 






12 


2.S-7 




32 






53 






13 


^o-a 




33 






53 






14 


Z5--7 




34 






54 






15 


so -a 




35 






55 






16 


2S-7 




36 






56 






17 


ifo-a 




37 






57 






18 


30-6 




38 






58 






19 


so-a 




39 






59 






20 


2.S-6, 




40 






60 




i 






Scaled by ...fL 


4^^^£iUn<^ ^f^ 




A 


^-.< 





APPENDIX. 85 

231— TELEPHONE POLES. 

Wliere Scaled, .../r7..Ji^Qo<g<^_ 8 

Compartment, ; See.,A/.-; T.J.^..-; B.,^.^.; Date,..^^.., 190^ 



SPECIES 






Loo No. 


L...... 


Ft. B. M. 


Loo N.>. 


Length. 

AMO 


Ft. B. M. 


REMARKS. 


61 






81 








62 






82 








63 






83 








64 






84 








65 






85 








66 






86 








67 






87 








68 






88 








69 






89 








70 






90 








"?1 






91 










73 






92 








73 






93 








74. 






94 








75 






95 








7« 






96 








77 






97 








78 






98 








79 






99 








80 






00 






b 


TorAL-5lWCE 


W) 


(o 




0^ 




W 


"v 


N 




V) 




^ ( 





* 


- 




CO 




^ 




Number 

BROUGHT 

Forward 


») 


^ 




tl 


5 


M 


^ 


^ 




o 


9 


V \ 


o 


a 






fo 




^ 



O 


NJUMBER 

This Page 






f*> 


<0 


N 












<^ 




N 


") 


>«s 










O 


i 


O 


1 


N 


( 





K 
^( 






«0 
1 

Q 




00 


N 


-* 


1 


1 


=0 


? 
§ 


CO 


CD 

1 

o 


I 









86 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 9— FORM 





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APPENDIX. 



87 



231-Dl— LINEAR FEET. 



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88 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

SAMPLE PAGE 10— FORM 648- 



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APPEINDIX. 89 

PROPS, TIES, AND POSTS. 

Compartment U Scaler, ^. S./y<^r.c//ng 

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90 THE SCALING OF NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER. 

DOUGLAS FIR LOG GRADING RULES OF THE PUGET SOUND LOG 
SCALING AND GRADING BUREAU. 

No. 1 Logs. 

No. 1 logs shall be logs in the lengths of 16 to 32 feet and 30 mches 
in diameter inside the bark at the small end and logs 34 to 40 feet, 
28 inches in diameter inside the bark at the small end and shall be 
logs which in the judgment of the scaler shall contain at least 50 
per cent of the scaled contents in lumber in the grades of No. 2 clear 
and better. 

No. 2 Logs. 

No. 2 logs shall be not less than 16 feet long and having defects 
which prevent its grading No. 1, but which in the judgmentof the 
scaler will be suitable for the manufacture of lumber priucipally in 
the grades of merchantable and better. 

No. 3 Logs. 

No. 3 logs shall be not less than 16 feet long and having defects 
which prevent its cutting into higher grades and in the judgment of 
the scaler will be suitable for the manufacture of common lumber. 

DOUGLAS FIR LOG GRADING RULES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER LOG 
SCALING AND GRADING BUREAU. 

No. 1 Logs. 

No. 1 logs shall be 30 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
at the small end, reasonably straight-grained, and not less than 16 
feet long and shall be logs which in the judgment of the scaler will 
contain at least 50 per cent of their scaled contents in lumber in the 
grades of No. 1 and No. 2 clear lumber. 

In a general way it may be said that a pitch ring is not a serious 
grade defect in a No. 1 log, provided its location and size does not 
prevent the log cutting the requisite amount of clears. The same 
applies to rot. 

Pitch pockets, seams, knots, etc., are defects which impair the grade 
in proportion to their effect on the amount of clears the log contains. 
A No. 1 log will admit a few small knots, but must be surface clear 
for at least four-fifths its length ; a few pitch pockets, as permitted 
in the grades of clear lumber, but no combination of defects which 
will prevent the required percentage of clears. 



APPENDIX. 91 

No. 2 Logs. 

No. 2 logs shall be 16 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
at the small end, not less than 16 feet long, and having defects which 
prevent its grading No. 1, but which will in the judgment of the 
scaler be suitable for the manufacture of lumber principally in 
grades of merchantable and better. 

No. 3 Logs. 

No. 3 logs shall be 12 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
at the small end, not less than 16 feet long, having defects which 
prevent its grading No. 2, and shall in the judgment of the scaler be 
suitable for the manufacture of inferior grades of lumber. 

Cull Logs. 

Cull logs shall be any logs which do not contain 50 per cent of 
sound lumber. All logs to be scaled by the Spalding rule. 

WESTERN YELLOW PINE LOG GRADING RULES, SUGGESTED BY 
THE FOREST SERVICE, FOR USE IN EASTERN OREGON AND 
WASHINGTON. 

Clear logs shall be 22 inches or over in diameter inside the bark at 
the small end and not less than 10 feet long. They shall be reason- 
biy straight-grained, practically surface clear, and of a character 
which in the judgment of the scaler are capable of cutting not less 
than 25 per cent of their scaled contents into lumber of the grades 
of C select and better. 

Shop logs shall be 18 inches or over in diameter inside the bark 
at the small end, not less than 8 feet long, and which in the judg- 
ment of the scaler are capable of cutting not less than 30 per cent 
of their scaled contents into lumber of the grades of No. 2 shop and 
better. 

Rough logs shall be 6 inches o\ over in diameter inside the bark 
at the small end and not less than 8 feet long, having defects which 
in the judgment of the scaler prevent their classification into either 
of the two above grades. 

o 



